M The Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Vol. I (of 2), by Joshua Rose This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Modern Machine-Shop Practice, Volumes I and II Author: Joshua Rose Release Date: March 21, 2012 [EBook #39225] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE, VOL 1 *** Produced by Ben Beasley, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Please see Transcriber’s Notes at the end of this document. VOL. I. MODERN MACHINE‑SHOP PRACTICE. FRONTISPIECE Frontispiece Copyright, 1887 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. MODERN AMERICAN FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE. MODERN MACHINE-SHOP PRACTICE BY JOSHUA ROSE, M.E. ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN 3000 ENGRAVINGS VOLUME I. NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1887 Copyright, 1887, by CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York. PREFACE. odern Machine-Shop Practice is presented to American mechanics as a complete guide to the operations of the best equipped and best managed workshops, and to the care and management of engines and boilers. The materials have been gathered in part from the author’s experience of thirty-one years as a practical mechanic; and in part from the many skilled workmen and eminent mechanics and engineers who have generously aided in its preparation. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to all who have contributed information about improved machines and details of new methods. The object of the work is practical instruction, and it has been written throughout from the point of view, not of theory, but of approved practice. The language is that of the workshop. The mathematical problems and tables are in simple arithmetical terms, and involve no algebra or higher mathematics. The method of treatment is strictly progressive, following the successive steps necessary to becoming an intelligent and skilled mechanic. The work is designed to form a complete manual of reference for all who handle tools or operate machinery of any kind, and treats exhaustively of the following general topics: I. The construction and use of machinery for making machines and tools; II. The construction and use of work-holding appliances and tools used in machines for working metal or wood; III. The construction and use of hand tools for working metal or wood; IV. The construction and management of steam engines and boilers. The reader is referred to the Table of Contents for a view of the multitude of special topics considered. The work will also be found to give numerous details of practice never before in print, and known hitherto only to their originators, and aims to be useful as well to master-workmen as to apprentices, and to owners and managers of manufacturing establishments equally with their employees, whether machinists, draughtsmen, wood-workers, engineers, or operators of special Large image (399 kB). [I-vi] machines. The illustrations, over three thousand in number, are taken from modern practice; they represent the machines, tools, appliances and methods now used in the leading manufactories of the world, and the typical steam engines and boilers of American manufacture. The new Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary at the end of the work, aims to include all the technical words and phrases of the machine shop, both those of recent origin and many old terms that have never before appeared in a vocabulary of this kind. The wide range of subjects treated, their convenient arrangement and thorough illustration, with the exhaustive Table of Contents of each volume and the full Analytical Index to both, will, the author hopes, make the work serve as a fairly complete ready reference library and manual of self-instruction for all practical mechanics, and will lighten, while making more profitable, the labor of his fellow-workmen. CONTENTS. VOLUME I. CHAPTER I. THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS. PAGE Gear-Wheels. Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels 1 Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm-wheel 1 The diameter of the pitch circle of 1 Gear-Wheel Teeth. The face, the flank, the depth or height 1 The space, the pitch line, the point, the arc pitch, the chord pitch, the line of centres 2 Rules for finding the chord pitch from the arc pitch; table of natural sines; diametral pitch; finding the arc from the diametral pitch; table of arc and diametral pitches 3 Gear-Wheels. The driver and follower, a train of gears 3 Intermediate gears 3 The velocity of compounded wheels 4 Finding the diameters of the pitch circles of 4 Considered as revolving levers 5 Calculating the revolutions of, and power transmitted by 5 The angular velocity of 6 Gear-Wheels. Hunting tooth in, stop motion of 7 Gear-Wheel Teeth. The requirements and nature of the teeth curves 7 Cycloidal curves for the faces of; epicycloidal and involute curves; the hypocycloidal curve; method of forming or generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves for the faces and flanks of gear teeth 8 Applications of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves in the formation of gear teeth 9 The diameter of the circle for generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves; graphical demonstration that the flank curves are correctly formed to work with the face curves of the other wheel 10 Graphical demonstration that the curves are correct independent of either the respective sizes of the wheels, or of the curve generating circles 11 Gear-Wheels. Hand applications of the rolling or generating circle to mark the tooth curves for a pair of wheels 12 Gear-Wheel Teeth. The variation of curve due to different diameters of wheels or of rolling circles 12 Tracing the path of contact of tooth upon tooth in a pair of gear-wheels; definition of the “arc of approach;” definition of the “arc of recess;” demonstration that the flanks of the teeth on the driver or driving-wheel have contact with the faces of the driven wheel during the arc of approach, and with the flanks of the driven wheel during the arc of recess 13 Confining the action of the teeth to one side only of the line of centres, when motion rather than power is to be conveyed 13 Demonstration that the appearance or symmetry of a tooth has no significance with regard to its action 14 Finding how many teeth will be in constant action, the diameter of the wheels, the pitch of the teeth, and the diameter of the rolling circle being given 15 Example of the variation of tooth form due to variation of wheel diameter 15 Gear Teeth. Variation of shape from using different diameters of rolling circles 16 Thrust on the wheel shafts caused by different shapes of teeth 16 Gear-Wheels. Willis’ system of one size of rolling circle for trains of interchangeable gearing 16 Conditions necessary to obtain a uniform velocity of 16 Gear Teeth. The amount of rolling and of sliding motion of 16 The path of the point of contact of 16 The arcs of approaching and of receding contact 16 Lengths of the arcs of approach and of recess 16 The influence of the sizes of the wheels upon the arcs of contact 17 Influence of the size of the rolling circle upon the amount of flank contact 18 Demonstration that incorrectly formed teeth cannot correct themselves by wear 18 The smaller the diameter of the rolling circle, the less the sliding motion 18 Influence of the size of the rolling upon the number of teeth in contact in a given pair of wheels 19 Demonstration that the degrees of angle the teeth move through exceed those of the path of contact, unless the tooth faces meet in a point 19 Influence of the height of the teeth upon the number of teeth in contact 20 Increasing the arc of recess without increasing the arc of approach 20 Wheels for transmitting motion rather than power 21 Clock wheels 21 Forms of teeth having generating or rolling circles, as large or nearly as large as the diameters of the wheels 21 Gear-Wheels. Bevel 21 The principles governing the formation of the teeth of bevel- wheels 22 Demonstration that the faces of the wheels must be in line with the point of intersection of the axis of the two shafts 22 Gear Teeth. Method of finding the curves of, for bevel gear 22 Gear-Wheels. Internal or annular 23 to 27 Demonstration that the teeth of annular wheels correspond to the spaces of spur-wheels 23 Gear-Wheels Internal. Increase in the length of the path of contact on spur-wheels of the same diameter, and having the same diameter of generating or rolling circle 23 Demonstration that the teeth of internal wheels may interfere when spur-wheels would not do so 23 Methods of avoiding the above interference 23 Comparison of, with spur-wheels 23 The teeth of: demonstration that it is practicable to so form the teeth faces that they will have contact together as well as with the flanks of the other wheel 24 Intermediate rolling circle for accomplishing the above result 24 The application of two rolling circles for accomplishing the above result 24 Demonstration that the result reached by the employment of two rolling circles of proper diameter is theoretically and practically perfect 24 Limits of the diameters of the two rolling circles 25 Increase in the arc of contact obtained by using two rolling circles 25 Demonstration that the above increase is on the arc of recess or receding contact, and therefore gives a smooth action 25 Demonstration that by using two rolling circles each tooth has for a certain period two points of contact 25 The laws governing the diameters of the two rolling circles 25 Practical application of two rolling circles 26 Demonstration that by using two rolling circles the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel 26 The sliding and rolling motion of the teeth of 27 CHAPTER II. THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued). Worm and Worm-Wheel, or wheel and tangent screw 28 to 31 [I-vii] Table of contents for Volume II. General description of 28 Qualifications of 28 The wear of 28 Worm-Wheel Teeth, the sliding motion of 28 When straight have contact on the centres only of the tooth sides 28 That envelop a part of the worm circumference 28 The location of the pitch line of the worm 28 The proper number of teeth in the worm-wheel 29 Locating the pitch line of the worm so as to insure durability 29 Rule for finding the best location for the pitch line of the worm 29 Increasing the face of the worm to obtain a smoother action 29 Worms, to work with a square thread 29 Worm-Wheels, applications of 30 Gear-Wheels with involute teeth 31 to 34 Gear Teeth. Generating the involute curve 31 Templates for marking the involute curve 32 Involute Teeth, the advantages of 34 Gear Teeth, Pratt and Whitney’s machine for cutting templates for 35 CHAPTER III. THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued). Gear Teeth, revolving cutters for 37 Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for 38 Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels 39 Gear-Wheel Teeth. Table of equidistant value of cutters 41 Depth of, in the Brown and Sharpe system 42 Cutting the teeth of worm-wheels 42 Finding the angle of the cutter for cutting worm-wheels 43 The construction of templates for rolling the tooth curves 43 Rolling the curves for gear teeth 43 Forms of templates for gear teeth 44 Pivoted arms for tooth templates 44 Marking the curves by hand 45 Former or Template of the Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine or cutting machine 45 The use of extra circles in marking the curves with compasses 46 Finding the face curves by geometrical constructions 47 The Willis odontograph for finding the radius for striking the curves by hand 47 The method of using the Willis odontograph 48 Professor Robinson’s odontograph 49 Method of using Professor Robinson’s odontograph 49 Application of Professor Robinson’s odontograph for trains of gearing 51 Tabular values and setting numbers for Professor Robinson’s odontograph 51 Walker’s patent wheel scale for marking the curves of cast teeth 51 The amount of side clearance in cast teeth 53 Filleting the roots of epicycloidal teeth with radial flanks 53 Scale of tooth proportions given by Professor Willis 54 The construction of a pattern for a spur-wheel that is to be cast with the teeth on 54 Template for planing the tooth to shape 54 Method of marking the curves on teeth that are to be glued on 55 Method of getting out the teeth of 56 Spacing the teeth on the wheel rim 56 Methods of accurately spacing the pattern when it has an even number of teeth 58 Method of spacing the wheel rim when it has an odd number of teeth 58 Gear-Wheels, Bevel Pinion, drawings for 59 Getting out the body for a bevel-wheel 59 Template for marking the division lines on the face of the wheel 59 Marking the lines of the division on the wheel 60 Gear-Wheels, Pinion, with dovetail teeth 60 Testing the angle of bevel-wheels while in the lathe 60 Gear-Wheels, Skew Bevel. Finding the line of contact 61 Marking the inclination of the teeth 61 Gear-Wheels, Bevel, drawing for built up 61 Gear-Wheels, Worm, or endless screw 62 Constructing a pattern from which the worm is to be cast 62 Tools for cutting the worm in a lathe 62 Cutting the teeth by hand 62 Gear-Wheels, Mortise or cogged 63 Methods of fastening cogs 63 Methods of getting out cogs for 63 Gear-Wheel Teeth, calculating the strength of epicycloidal 64 Factors of safety for 64 Tredgold’s rule for calculating the strength of 65 Cut, calculating the strength of 65 Gear-Wheel Teeth. The strength of cogs 66 The thickness of cogs 66 The durability of cogs 66 Table for calculating the strength of different kinds of 67 The contact of cast teeth 67 Table for determining the relation between pitch diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels 68 Examples of the use of the above table 68 With stepped teeth 69 Angular or helical teeth 69 End thrust of angular teeth 69 Herring-bone angular teeth 69 For transmitting motion at a right angle by means of angular or helical teeth 69 Cutting helical teeth in the lathe 69 For wheels whose shaft axes are neither parallel nor meeting 70 Elliptical 70 Elliptical, marking the pitch lines of 70 Elliptical, drawing the teeth curves of 73 For variable motion 74 Form of worm to give a period of rest 74 Various applications of 74 [I-viii] Gear-Wheels, arrangement of, for periodically reversing the direction of motion 75 Watt’s sun and planet motion 75 Arrangements for the rapid multiplication of motion 75 Arrangement of, for the steering gear of steam fire-engines 75 Various forms of mangle gearing 79 Gear-Wheel and Rack, for reciprocating motion 77 Friction Wheels. 77 The material for 77 Paper 78 For the feed motion of machines 78 The unequal wear upon grooved 79 Form of, for relieving the journals of strain 79 Cams, for irregular motion 80 Finding the pitch line of 80 Finding the working face of 80 The effect the diameter roller has upon the motion produced by a cam 80 Demonstration of the different motion produced by different diameters of rollers upon the same cam 80 Diagram of motion produced from the same cam with different diameters of rollers 81 Return or backing 82 Methods of finding the shape of return or backing 82 Cam Motion, for an engine slide valve without steam lap 83 For a slide valve with steam lap 83 Groove Cams, proper construction of 84 The wear of 84 Brady’s improved groove cam with rolling motion and adjustment for wear 84 CHAPTER IV. SCREW-THREADS. Screw Threads, the various forms of 85 The pitch of 85 Self-locking 85 The Whitworth 86 The United States standard 86 The Common V 86 The requirements of 86 Tools for cutting 87 Variation of pitch from hardening 87 The wear of thread-cutting tools 88 Methods of producing 88 Alteration of shape of, from the wear of the tools they are cut by 89 Screw Thread Cutting Tools. The wear of the tap and the die 89 Improved form of chaser to equalize the wear 90 Form of, to eliminate the effects of the wear in altering the fit 90 Originating standard angles for 91 Standard micrometer gauge for the United States standard screw thread 91 Standard plug and collar gauges for 91 Producing gauges for 92 Table of United States standard for bolts and nuts 93 Table of standard for the V-thread 93 United States standard for gas and steam pipes 93 Taper for standard pipe threads 95 Tables of the pitches and diameters at root of thread, of the Whitworth thread 95 Table of Whitworth’s screw threads for gas, water, and hydraulic piping 96 Whitworth’s standard gauges for watch and instrument makers 96 Screw-cutting hand tools 96 Thread-Cutting Tools. American and English forms of stocks and dies 97 Adjustable or jamb dies 98 The friction of jamb dies 98 The sizes of hobs that should be used on jamb dies 99 Cutting right or left-hand thread with either single, double, or treble threads with the same dies 99 Hobs for hobbing or threading dies 100 Various forms of stocks with dies adjustable to take up the wear 101 Dies for gas and steam pipes 101 Thread-Cutting Tool Taps. The general forms of taps 102 Reducing the friction of 102 Giving clearance to 102 The friction of taper 103 Improved forms of 103 Professor J. E. Sweet’s form of tap 104 Adjustable standard 104 The various shapes of flutes employed on taps 105 The number of flutes a tap should have 105 Demonstration that a tap should have four cutting edges rather than three 106 The position of the square or driving end, with relation to the cutting edges 106 Taper taps for blacksmiths 106 Collapsing taps for use in tapping machines 107 Collapsing tap for use in a screw machine 107 The alteration of pitch that occurs in hardening 108 Gauging the pitch after the hardening 108 Correcting the errors of pitch caused by the hardening 109 For lead 109 Elliptical in cross section 109 For very straight holes 109 Tap wrenches solid and adjustable 110 Thread-Cutting. Tapping 110 Appliances for tapping standard work 111 CHAPTER V. FASTENING DEVICES. Bolts, classification of, from the shapes of their heads 112 Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies 112 Countersunk 112 Holes for, classification of 112 [I-ix] For foundations, various forms of 113 Hook bolts 113 The United States standard for finished bolts and nuts 113 The United States standard for rough bolts and nuts, or black bolts 114 The Whitworth standard for bolts and nuts 114 Screws 114 Studs 115 Set Screws 115 Bolts for quick removal 116 That do not pass through the work 117 That self-lock in grooves and are readily removable 117 Heads and their bedding 117 Nuts, the forms of, when they are to be steam tight 118 Various forms of 118 Jamb nuts and lock nuts 119 Differential Threads for locking purposes 119 For fine adjustments 119 Nuts, taking up the wear of 120 Securing devices 120 Securing by taper pins 121 Securing by cotters 121 Securing by notched plates 121 Pins. Securing for exact adjustments 121 And double eyes fitting 121 Fixed 122 Working 122 Bolts, removing corroded 122 Nuts, removing corroded 122 Washers, standard sizes of 122 Wrench, the proper angles of 123 Box 124 Monkey 125 Adjustable, various forms of 125 Sockets 125 Novel for carriage bolts 125 Pin 126 Improved form of 126 Keys, the various kinds of 126 The bearing surfaces of 126 Set Screws, application of, to hubs or bosses 127 Keys, with set-screws 127 The draught of 127 Feathers, and their applications 127 Keys, for parallel rods 128 Taper Pins, proper position of, for locking purposes 128 Improved method of fitting 128 CHAPTER VI. THE LATHE. Lathe, the importance and advantages of 129 Classification of lathes 129 Foot 130 Methods of designating the sizes of 130 Bench 130 Power 130 Hand 130 Slide Rest for 131 American form of, their advantages and disadvantages 132 English forms of 132 For spherical work 132 Methods of taking up lost motion of 133 Engine Lathe, general construction of 133 The construction of the shears of 134 Construction of the headstock 134 Construction of the bearings 134 Construction of the back gear 135 Means of giving motion to the feed spindle 135 Construction of the tailstock 135 Method of rapidly securing and releasing the tailstock 136 Lathe Tailstock, setting over for turning tapers 136 Engine Lathe, construction of carriage 137 Feed motion for carriage or saddle 137 Lathe Apron, Construction of the feed traverse 138 Construction of the cross-feed motion 138 Engine Lathe, lead screw and change wheels of 139 Feed spindle and lead screw bearings 139 Swing frame for lead screw 139 Lead screw nuts 140 With compound slide rest 140 Construction of compound slide rest 141 Advantages of compound slide rest 141 For taper turning 142 Taper-turning attachments 142 With compound duplex slide rest 143 Detachable slide rest 143 Three-tool slide rest for turning shafting 143 With flat saddle for chucking work on 143 The Sellers Lathe 143 Construction of the headstock and treble gear 144 Construction of the tailstock and method of keeping it in line 145 Construction of the carriage and slide rest 145 Methods of engaging and disengaging the feed motions 146 Car Axle Lathe, with central driving motion and two slide rests 147 The feed motions of 148 Self-Acting Lathe, English form of 148 Pattern Maker’s Lathe 148 Brake for cone pulley 149 With wooden bed 149 Slide rest for 149 Chucking Lathe, English 149 Feed motions of 150 Pulley Lathe 150 Gap or Break Lathe 151 Extension Lathe 151 Wheel Lathe 151 Chucking Lathe for boring purposes 152 Lathe for turning crank axles 152 Construction of the headstock 153 Construction of the feed motions 154 For turning crank, Arrangements of the slide rests 154 Application of the slide rest to a crank 155 CHAPTER VII. DETAILS IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION. Live Spindle of a lathe, the fit of 157 With coned journals 157 Methods of taking up the end motion of 158 Arranging the swing frame for the change gears 158 Taking up the wear of the back bearing 158 The wear of the front bearing of 158 The Taper for the live centre 159 Methods of removing the lathe centres 159 Tapers for the live centres 159 Methods of removing the dead centre 159 Driving Cone, arranging the steps of 159 Requirements of proportioning the steps of 159 Rules for proportioning the diameters of the steps of, when the two pulleys are exactly alike and are connected by an open belt 159 to 161 When the two pulleys are unlike 161 to 164 Back Gear, methods of throwing in and out 165 Conveying motion to the lead screw 165 Attaching the swing frame 166 Feed Gear. Arrangement for cutting worm threads or tangent screws 167 Feed Motion for reversing the direction of tool traverse in screw cutting 168 For lathe aprons 168 Slide Rest, weighted elevated 168 Double tool holder for 169 Gibbed elevating 169 Examples of feed motions 170 Feed Regulators for screw cutting 171 The star feed 172 Ratchet Feeds 173 Tool Holding devices, the various kinds of 173 Tool Rest swiveling 174 Tool Holder for compound slide rests 174 For octagon boring tools 175 Lathe Lead and Feed Screws 175 Lead screws, supporting, long 176 Position of the feed nut 177 Form of threads of lead screws 177 The effect the form of thread has in causing the nut to lock properly or improperly 177 Example of a lead screw with a pitch of three threads per inch 177 Example of a lead screw with five threads per inch 178 Example with a lead screw of five threads per inch 179 Device for correcting the errors of pitch of 179 Table for finding the change wheels for screw cutting when the teeth in the change wheels advance by four 180 For finding the change wheels when the teeth in the wheels advance by six 180 Constructing a table to cut fractional threads on any lathe 181 Finding the change wheels necessary to enable the lathe to cut threads of any given pitches 181 Finding the change wheels necessary to cut fractional pitches 181 Determining the pitches of the teeth for change wheels 182 Lathe Shears or beds 182 Advantages and disadvantages of, with raised V-guide-ways 182 Examples of various forms of 183 Lathe Shears with one V and one flat side 183 Methods of ribbing 184 The arrangement of the legs of 184 Lathe Tailblock 185 With rapid spindle motion 185 With rapid fastenings and releasing devices 185 The wear of the spindles of 185 Spindles, the various methods of locking 186 Testing, various methods of 187 CHAPTER VIII. SPECIAL FORMS OF THE LATHE. Watchmaker’s Lathes 188 Construction of the headstock 188 Construction of chucks for 188 Expanding chucks for 188 Contracting chucks for 188 Construction of the tailblock 189 Open spindle tailstocks for 189 Filing fixture for 189 Fixture for wheel and pinion cutting 189 Jewelers’ rest for 189 Watch Manufacturers’ Lathe 190 Special chucks for 190 [I-x] Pump centre rest 190 Lathe, hand 191 Screw slotting 192 With variable speed for facing purposes 192 Cutting-off machine 193 Grinding Lathes 193 With elevating rest 194 Universal 195 Special chucks for 196 The Morton Poole calender roll grinding lathe 196 The construction of the bed and carriages 197 Principles of action of the carriages 197, 198 Construction of the emery-wheel arbors and the driving motion 198, 199 The advantages of 199 The method of driving the roll 200 Construction of the headstock 200 The transverse motion 200 The Brown and Sharpe Screw Machine, or screw-making lathe 200 Threading tools for 203 Examples of the use of 203 The Secor Screw Machine, construction of the headstock 204 The chuck 205 The feed gear 205 The turret 205 The cross slide 205 The stop motions 206 Pratt and Whitney’s Screw Machine 206 Parkhurst’s wire feed, construction of the headstock, chuck and feed motion 207 Box tools for 208 Applications of box tools 208 Threading tool for 208 Cutting-off tool for 208 Special Lathe for wood working 208 The construction of the carriage and reducing knife 209 Construction of the various feed motions 209 Construction of the tailstock 209 Lathes for irregular forms 210 Axe-handle 210 Back knife gauge 210 Special, for pulley turning 211 Boring and Turning mill or lathe 211 Construction of the feed motions 213 Construction of the framing and means of grinding the lathe 214 Construction of the vertical feed motions 215 The Morton Poole roll turning lathe 215 Construction of the slide rest 216 The tools for 216 Special Lathes for brass work 216, 217 Boring Lathe with traversing spindle 218 For engine cylinders 219 Cylinder, with facing slide rests 219 With double heads and facing rests 220 Lathe for turning Wheel hubs 221 CHAPTER IX. DRIVING WORK IN THE LATHE. Drivers, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects 222 Lathe clamps 222 Equalizing drivers 223 The Clements driver 223 Driver and face plate for screw cutting 223 Forms of, for bolt heads 224 Adjustable, for bolt heads 224 For threaded work 225 For steady rest work 225 For cored work 225 For wood 225 Centres for hollow work 226 For taper work 226 Lathe Mandrels, or arbors 227 Drivers for 227 For tubular work 227 Expanding mandrels 227 With expanding cones 228 With expanding pieces 228 Expanding, for large work 228 For threaded work 228 For nuts, various forms of 229 For eccentric work 229 Centring devices for crank axles 230 The Steady Rest or back rest 231 Steady rest, improved form of 232 Cone chuck 232 Steady rest for square and taper work 233 The cat head 233 Clamps for 233 Follower rests 234 Chucks and Chucking 234 Simple forms of chucks 234 Adjustable chucks for true work 235 Two-jawed chucks 236 Box body chucks 237 Reversible jawed chucks 237 Three and four-jawed chucks 237 Combination chucks 237 The wear of scroll chuck threads 237 Universal chucks 238 The wear of chucks 240 Special forms of chucks 241 Expanding chucks for ring-work 241 Cement chuck 241 Chucks for wood-working lathes 242 Lathe Face Plates 243 Face plates, errors in, and their effects 243 Work-holding straps 244 Face plate, clamping work on 245 Forms of clamps for 245 Examples of chucking work on 246, 247 For wood work 247 Special Lathe Chuck for cranks 248 Face Plate Work, examples of 249 Errors in chucking 250 Movable dogs for 250 The angle plate 251 Applications of 251 Angle plate chucking, examples of 251 Cross-head chucking 251-253 CHAPTER X. CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHES. Principles governing the shapes of lathe tools 254 Diamond-pointed, or front tool 254 Principles governing use of tools 254 Front rake and clearance of front tools 254 Influence of the height of a tool upon its clearance and keenness 255 Tools with side rake in various directions 256 The effect of side rake 256 The angle of clearance in lathe tools 257 Variation of clearance from different rates of feed and diameters of work 257 Round-nosed tools 258 Utmost Duty of cutting tools 258 Judging the quantity of the tool from the shape of its cutting 259 Square-nosed tools 260 The height of lathe tools 260 Side tools for lathe work 261 Cutting-off or grooving tools 262 Facing tools or knife tools 262 Spring tools 263 Brass Work, front tools for 264 Side tools for 264 Threading tools 264 Internal threading tools 264 The length of threading tools 265 The level of threading tools 265 Gauges for threading tools 266 Setting threading tools 266 Circular threading tools 267 Threading tool holders 267 Chasers 268 Chaser holders 268 Setting chasers 268 Square Threads, clearance of tools for 269 Diameter at the roots of threads 269 Cutting coarse pitch square threads 269 Dies for finishing square threads 269 Tool Holders for outside work 270 For circular cutters 272 Swiveled 273 Combined tool holders and cutting-off tools 273 Power Required to drive cutting tools 273 CHAPTER XI. DRILLING AND BORING IN THE LATHE. The Twist Drill 274 Twist drill holders 274 The diametral clearance of twist drills 274 The front rake of twist drills 275 The variable clearance on twist drills as usually ground 275 Demonstration of the common error in grinding twist drills 276 The effects of improper grinding upon twist drills 276 Table of speeds and feeds for twist drills 277 Grinding twist drills by hand 279 Twist drills for wood work 279 Tailstock Chucks for drilled work 279 Flat Drills for lathe work 280 Holders for lathe work 281 Half-round bit or pod auger 281 With front rake for wrought iron or steel 281 With adjustable cutter 281 For very true work 281 Chucking Reamer 281 The number of teeth for reamers 282 Spacing the teeth of reamers 282 Spiral teeth for reamers 282 Grinding the teeth of reamers 282 Various positions of emery-wheel in grinding reamers 282 Chucking reamers for true work 283 [I-xi] Shell reamers 283 Arbor for shell reamers 283 Rose-bit or rose reamers 283 Shell rose reamers 284 Adjustable reamers 284 Stepped reamers for taper work 285 Half-round reamers 285 Reamers for rifle barrels 285 Boring Tools for lathe work 285 Countersinks 285 Shapes of lathe boring tools 285 Boring tools for brass work 286 The spring of boring tools 286 Boring tools for small work 287 Boring tool holders 287 Boring Devices for Lathes 288 Boring Heads 288 Boring Bars 289 Boring bar cutters 289 Three versus four cutters for boring bars 290 Boring bars with fixed heads 290 With sliding heads 290 Bar cutters, the shapes of 291 Boring head with nut feed 291 Boring bars for taper work, various forms of 292 Boring double-coned work 293 Boring bar, centres for 293 Cutting Speeds and feeds for wrought iron 294 Examples of speeds taken from practice 295 CHAPTER XII. EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK. Technical Terms used in the work 296 Lathe Centres 296 Devices for truing 297 Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work 298 Shapes of, for light and heavy work 299 Centre Drilling, attachment for lathes 300 The error induced by straightening work after 300 Machine 300 Combined centre-drill and countersink 300 Countersink with adjustable drill 300 Centring square 300 Centre-punch 300 Centre-punch guide 301 Centring work with the scribing block 301 Finding the centre of very rough work 301 Centre-drill chuck 302 The proper form of countersink for lathe work 302 Countersinks for lathe work 302 Various forms of square centres 303 The advantage of the square centre for countersinking 303 Novel form of countersink for hardened work 303 Chucks for centre-drilling and countersinking 303 Recentring turned work 304 Straightening Work. Straightening machine for bar iron 304 Hand device for straightening lathe work 305 Chuck for straightening wire 305 Cutting Rods into small pieces of exact length, tools for 305 Roughing cuts, the change of shape of work that occurs from removing the surface by 306 Feeds for 306 Rates of feed for 307 Finishing Work, the position of the tool for 307 Finishing cast-iron with water 307 Specks in finished cast-iron work 307 Scrapers for finishing cast-iron work 307 Method of polishing lathe work 308 Filing lathe work 308 The use of emery paper on lathe work 308 The direction of tool feed in finishing long work 309 Forms of laps for finishing gauges or other cylindrical lathe work 310 Forms of laps for finishing internal work 311 Grinding and polishing clamps for lathe work 311 Burnishing lathe work 311 Taper Work, turning 312 The wear of the centres of 312 Setting over the tailstock to turn 312 Gauge for setting over 313 Fitting 313 Grinding 313 The order of procedure in turning 313 The influence of the height of the tool in producing true 314 Special Forms. Curved work 314, 315 Standard gauges for taper work 316 Methods of turning an eccentric 317 Turning a cylinder cover 318 Turning pulleys 318 Chucking device for pulleys 318 Cutting Screws in the lathe 319 The arrangement of the change gears 319 The intermediate wheels 319 The compounded gears 320 Finding the change wheels to cut a given thread 320 Finding the change wheels for a lathe whose gears are compounded 321 Finding the change gears for cutting fractional pitches 321 To find what pitch of thread the wheels already on the lathe will cut 322 Cutting left-hand threads 322 Cutting double threads 322 Cutting screws whose pitches are given in the terms of the metric system 322 Cutting threads on taper work 323 Errors in cutting threads on taper work 324 CHAPTER XIII. EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK (Continued). Ball Turning with tubular saw 325 With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube 325 With a removable tool on an arbor 325 Tool holder with worm feed 325 By hand 325 Cams, cutting in the lathe 326 Improved method of originating cams in the lathe 326 Motions for turning cams in the lathe 326, 327 Application of cam motions to special work 327 Cam chuck for irregular work 328 Milling or knurling tool 328 Improved forms of 328 Winding Spiral Springs in the lathe 329 Hand Turning 330 The heel tool 330 The graver and its applications 330, 331 Hand side tools 331 Hand round-nosed tools for iron 331 Hand finishing tool 331 Hand Tools, for roughing out brass work 332 Various forms and applications of scrapers 332, 333 Clockmakers’ hand tool for special or standard work 334 Screw cutting with hand tools 334 Outside and inside chasers 334 Hobs and their uses 335 The application of chasers, and errors that may arise from the position in which they are presented to the work 336 Errors commonly made in cutting up inside chasers 337 V-tool for starting outside threads 337 Starting outside threads 338 Cutting taper threads 338 Wood turning hand tools 338 The gauge and how to use it 338 The chisel and its use 339 The skew chisel and how to use it 339 Wood turners’ boring tools for lathe work 340 CHAPTER XIV. MEASURING MACHINES, TOOLS AND DEVICES. Standards of Measurements, in various countries 341 Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling 341 Variations in standard gauges 341 The necessity for accurate standards 341 The Rogers Bond standard measuring machine 342 Details of construction of 343, 344 The principle of construction of 344 The methods of using 345 The Whitworth measuring machine 345 The Betts Machine Company’s measuring machine 346 Professor Sweet’s measuring machine 347 Measuring machine for sheet metal 348 Circle, division of the 348 Troughton’s method of dividing the circle 348, 349 Ramsden’s dividing engine 349 The construction of 350, 351 Pratt and Whitney’s dividing device 352 Practical application of 353 Index wheel, method of originating, by R. Hoe & Co. 353 Application of the index wheel (Hoe & Co.’s system) 353 Classification of the measuring tools used by workmen 354 Micrometer Caliper and its principle of construction 354, 355 Gauges. Standard plug and collar gauges 356 Methods of comparing standard plug and collar gauges 356 The effects of variations of temperature upon standard gauges 356 Plug and collar gauges for taper work 357 The Baldwin standards for taper bolts 359 Workmen’s gauges for lathe work 359 Calipers, outside, the various forms of 360 Inside calipers 360 Calipers with locking devices 360 Spring calipers 360 The methods of holding and using 361, 362 Keyway calipers 363 The advantages of calipers 363 Fitting. The four kinds of fit in machine work 363 The influence of the diameter of the work in limiting the application of standard gauges 363 The wear of tools and its influence upon the application of the standard gauge system 364 The influence of the smoothness of the surface upon the allowance to be made for drilling or hydraulic fits 365 Examples of allowance for hydraulic fits 365 Parallel holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits 365 Fitting. Practicable methods of testing the fit of axle brasses forced in by hydraulic pressure 366 Shrinkage or contraction fits 366 Allowances for 366 Gauge for 367 [I-xii] The shrinkage system at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich 367 Experiments by Thomas Wrightson upon the shrinkage of iron under repeated heatings and coolings 368 to 374 Shrinking work, to refit it 374, 375 CHAPTER XV. MEASURING TOOLS. End Measurements of large lathe work 376 Template gauges for 376 Trammels or Trains 377 Adjustable gauges for 377 Compasses—Dividers 377 Compass calipers 378 Key Seating rule 378 Surface Gauge 378 Pattern makers’ pipe gauge 379 Squares. The try square 379 The T square 379 Various methods of testing squares 379, 380 Bevel squares 380 Bevel Protractors 380 Hexagon Gauge 381 Straight Edge and its applications 381, 382 Winding strips and their application 382 Surface Plate or planimeter 383 Templates for curves 384 Wire Gauges, notch 384 Standard gauges for wire, &c. 384, 386 Gauge for music wire 386 Brown and Sharpe wire gauge 387 Birmingham wire gauge for rolled shell silver and gold 387 Sheet iron gauge, Russian 387 Galvanized iron 387 Belgian sheet zinc 387 American sheet zinc 387 Rifle Bore gauge 387 Strength of Wire, Kirkaldy’s experiments 387, 388 CHAPTER XVI. SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES. General description of a shaping machine 389 Construction of swivel head 389 Slide 390 Vice chuck 390 Feed motion 390 Hand shaping machine 392 Quick Return Motion, Whitworth’s 392 Vice Chucks, the principles of construction of plain, for planing machine 392 The proper methods of chucking work in 393 Holding taper work in 394 Various forms of 394 Swiveling 395 Rapid motion 396 For vice work 396 Centres for shaping machines 397 Traveling Head in shaping machine 397 Planer Shapers or shaping machines, having a tappet motion for reversing the direction of motion 398, 399 Quick Return Motion shaping machines, link 399 The Whitworth 400 Comparisons of the link motion and Whitworth 401 Simple Crank, investigating the motion of 401 Planing Machines, or planer 402 The various motions of 402, 403 The table driving gear 404 Planing machine with double heads 404 Rotary planing machine 405 CHAPTER XVII. PLANING MACHINERY. The Sellers planing machine 406 The belt shifting mechanism 406, 407 The automatic feed motions 408 Sliding Head 408 Cross Bar 409 Slides of Planers, the various forms of construction of 410 Wear of the Slides of planer heads, various methods of taking up the 410 Swivel Heads 411 Tool Aprons 411 Swivel Tool-holding devices for planers 411 Planer Heads, graduations of 412 Safety devices for 413 Feed motions for 414 V-guideways for 414 Flat guideways for 415 Oiling devices for 415 Planing Machine Tables 415 Slots and holes in planing machine tables 416 Forms of bolts for planer tables 417 Supplementary tables for planer tables 417 Angle plates for planer tables 418 Chucking devices for planer tables 418 Planer Centres 418 Planer Chucks 419 For spiral grooved work 419 [I-xiii] For curved work 420 Chucking machine beds on planer tables 420 For large planing machines 422 Chucking the halves of large pulleys on a planer 423 Gauges for planing V-guideways in machine beds 421 Planing guideways in machine beds 422 Gauge for planer tools 424 Planer Tools, the shapes of 424 For coarse finishing feeds 424 The clearance of 424 For slotted work 424 Planer Tool Holder, with tool post 425 Various applications of 425 Simple and advantageous form of 426 Examples of application of 426 CHAPTER XVIII. DRILLING MACHINES. Drilling Machines. General description of a power drilling machine 428 Lever feed 428 With automatic and quick return feed motions 428 Improved, with simple belt and uniform motion, two series of rates of automatic feed, and guide for boring bar 429, 430 Radial 430, 431 For boiler shells 436 Cotter or keyway 438 Drilling Machine, three-spindle 434 Four-spindle 434 Drilling and Boring machine 431 Feed motion of 432 Combined Drilling Machine and lathe 433 Boring Machine, horizontal 433 For car wheels 438 For pulleys 438 Quartering Machine 434 Drilling and Turning Machine for boiler makers 435 Feed motions of 436 CHAPTER XIX. DRILLS AND CUTTERS FOR DRILLING MACHINES. Jigs or Fixtures for drilling machines 439 Limits of error in 439 Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c. 440 Considerations in designing 440 For drilling engine cylinders 440 to 441 For cutting out steam ports 441 Drills and Cutters for drilling machines 442 Table of sizes of twist drills, and their shanks 442 Flat drills for drilling machines 442 Errors in grinding flat drills 443 The tit-drill 443 The lip drill 443 Cotter or keyway drills 446 Drilling holes true to location with flat drills 444 Drilling hard metal 444 Table of sizes of tapping holes 445 Drill Shanks and sockets 445 Improved form of drill shank 446 Square shanked drills and their disadvantages 446 Drill Chucks 446 Stocks and Cutters for drilling machines 447 Tube plate cutters 448 Stocks and Cutters. Adjustable stock and cutter 448 Facing tool with reamer pin 449 Counterbores for drilling machines 449 Drill and counterbore for wood work 449 Facing and countersink cutters 449 Device for drilling square holes 450 Device for drilling taper holes in a drilling machine 451 CHAPTER XX. HAND-DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS, AND DEVICES. The Brad-awl 452 Bits. The gimlet bit 452 The German bit 452 The nail bit 452 The spoon bit 452 The nose bit 453 The auger bit 453 Cook’s auger bit 453 Principles governing the shapes of the cutting edges of auger bits 453 Auger bit for boring end grain wood 453 The centre bit 454 The expanding bit 454 Drills. Drill for stone 454 The fiddle drill 455 The fiddle drill with feeding device 455 Drill with cord and spring motion 455 Drill stock with spiral grooves 455 Drill brace 455 Drill brace with ratchet motion 456 Universal joint for drill brace 456 Drill brace with multiplying gear and ratchet motion 456 A Breast drill with double gear 456 Drilling levers for blacksmiths 457 Drill cranks 457 Ratchet brace 457 Flexible shaft for driving drills 458 Drilling device for lock work 459 Hand drilling machine 459 Slotting Machine 459 Sectional view of 460 Tool holders 460, 461 Tools 461, 462 CHAPTER XXI. THREAD-CUTTING MACHINERY AND BROACHING PRESS. Pipe Threading, die stock for, by hand 463 Die stock for, by power 463 Pipe threading machines, general construction of 463 Bolt Threading hand machine 464 With revolving head 465 Power threading machine 465 With automatic stop motion 466 Construction of the head 466 Construction of the chasers 466 Bolt threading machine with back gear 467 Single rapid bolt threading machine 467 Double rapid bolt threading machine 467 Construction of the heads of the rapid machines 468 Bolt threading machinery, the Acme 468 Construction of the head of 468 to 470 Capacity of 470 Cutting Edges for taps, the number of 471 Examples when three and when four cutting edges are used, and the results upon bolts that are not round 471, 472 Demonstration that four cutting edges are correct for bar iron 472 Positions of Dies, or chasers in the heads of bolt cutting machine 473 Dies, methods of hobbing, to avoid undue friction 473 The construction of, for bolt threading machines 473 Method of avoiding friction in thread cutting 474 Hob for threading 474 Cutting speeds for threading 474 Nut Tapping machine 475 Automatic socket for 475 Rotary 475 Three-spindle 475 Pipe Threading Machine 475 to 477 Tapping Machine for steam pipe fittings 478 Broaching Press 478 Principles of broaching 478 Examples in the construction of broaches 479 FULL-PAGE PLATES. VOLUME I. Facing Frontispiece. MODERN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. Title Page Plate I.TEMPLATE-CUTTING MACHINES FOR GEAR TEETH. 34 „ II.FORMS OF SCREW THREADS. 85 „ III.MEASURING AND GAUGING SCREW THREADS. 93 „ IV.END-ADJUSTMENT AND LOCKING DEVICES. 120 „ V.EXAMPLES IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION. 148 „ VI.CHUCKING LATHES. 150 „ VII.TOOL-HOLDING AND ADJUSTING APPLIANCES. 174 „ VIII.WATCHMAKER’S LATHE. 188 „ IX.DETAILS OF WATCHMAKER’S LATHE. 188 „ X.EXAMPLES OF SCREW MACHINES. 200 „ XI.ROLL-TURNING LATHE. 215 „ XII.EXAMPLES IN ANGLE-PLATE CHUCKING. 252 „ XIII.METHODS OF BALL-TURNING. 325 „ XIV.STANDARD MEASURING MACHINES. 341 „ XV.DIVIDING ENGINE AND MICROMETER. 354 „ XVI.SHAPING MACHINES AND TABLE-SWIVELING DEVICES. 398 „ XVII.EXAMPLES OF PLANING MACHINES. 404 „ XVIII.EXAMPLES IN PLANING WORK. 422 „ XIX.LIGHT DRILLING MACHINES. 428 „ XX.HEAVY DRILLING MACHINES. 430 „ XXI.EXAMPLES IN BORING MACHINERY. 434 „ XXII.BOILER-DRILLING MACHINERY. 436 „ XXIII.NUT-TAPPING MACHINERY. 475 MODERN MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE. Chapter I.—THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS. wheel that is provided with teeth to mesh, engage, or gear with similar teeth upon another wheel, so that the motion of one may be imparted to the other, is called, in general terms, a gear- wheel. [I-xiv] List of plates Vol. II. [I-1] Fig. 1 Fig. 1. When the teeth are arranged to be parallel to the wheel-axis, as in Fig. 1, the wheel is termed a spur-wheel. In the figure, a represents the axial line or axis of the wheel or of its shaft, to which the teeth are parallel while spaced equidistant around the rim, or face, as it is termed, of the wheel. Fig. 2 Fig. 2. Fig. 3 Fig. 3. Fig. 4 Fig. 4. Fig. 5 Fig. 5. When the wheel has its teeth arranged at an angle to the shaft, as in Fig. 2, it is termed a bevel-wheel, or bevel gear; but when this angle is one of 45°, as in Fig. 3, as it must be if the pair of wheels are of the same diameter, so as to make the revolutions of their shafts equal, then the wheel is called a mitre-wheel. When the teeth are arranged up...