Roland Wernecke and Jan Wernecke Industrial Moisture and Humidity Measurement A Practical Guide Editedby RolandWerneckeand JanWernecke IndustrialMoistureand HumidityMeasurement RelatedTitles Tsotsas,E.,Mujumdar,A.S.(eds.) ModernDryingTechnology 5-VolumeSet 2014 ISBN:978-3-527-31554-3(Alsoavailableindigitalformats) Weinberg,S. Cost-Contained RegulatoryCompliance ForthePharmaceutical,Biologics,andMedicalDeviceIndustries 2011 ISBN:978-0-470-55235-3 Edited by Roland Wernecke and Jan Wernecke Industrial Moisture and Humidity Measurement A Practical Guide TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Dr.-Ing.RolandWernecke publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained Gerlachstr.35 inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof 14480Potsdam errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Germany statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. 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PrintISBN:978-3-527-33177-2 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-65244-0 ePubISBN:978-3-527-65243-3 MobiISBN:978-3-527-65242-6 oBookISBN:978-3-527-65241-9 CoverDesign SimoneBenjamin,McLeeseLake, Canada Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintingandBinding MarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd, Singapore Printedonacid-freepaper j V Contents Preface XIX 1 Water–SubstanceofLife 1 1.1 WaterasaNaturalResource 1 1.2 PhysicalandChemicalPropertiesofWater 2 1.2.1 TheWaterMolecule 2 1.2.2 PhysicalProperties 3 1.2.3 ChemicalProperties 5 1.3 SignificanceofWaterforEnergyConversion 6 1.4 GeneralTerminology 7 FurtherReading 8 2 ThermodynamicTermsandDefinitions 9 2.1 TermsinHumidityMeasurement 9 2.1.1 DescriptionoftheGasWaterVaporPressure 10 2.1.2 GasTemperatureDefinitions 12 2.1.3 ThePsychrometricEquation 14 2.1.4 DefinitionsofParametersExpressedinAmountsofSubstance, Concentrations,andRatios 16 2.1.5 AdditionalTermsandDefinitions 21 2.2 TermsinMoistureMeasurementinSolidandLiquidMaterials 25 2.2.1 TypesofWaterBondsinSolidsandLiquids 25 2.2.1.1 WaterinSolids 25 2.2.1.2 WaterinLiquids 26 2.2.1.3 SurfacePores,Gradation,andCapillaries 27 2.2.2 TermsandDefinitionsofMoistureMeasurementParameters inSolids 27 2.2.3 GasHumidityandMoistureinSolids 30 2.2.4 TermsandDefinitionsofDryingProcessParameters 33 2.2.5 AdditionalTermsandDefinitions 34 2.3 TermsandDefinitionsinMeasurementandControlling Technology 35 2.3.1 DescriptionofSensorsinMonitoringandControlTechnology 36 VIjContents 2.3.2 TermsusedinControl 41 2.3.3 SensorParameters 43 2.3.4 MeasurementUncertainty 44 References 46 FurtherReading 46 3 WaterinSolid,Liquid,andGaseousMaterials 47 3.1 SpecialtiesofSolidandLiquidMaterials 48 3.2 ContactandNoncontactMeasurementMethods 50 3.3 BondingTypesofWaterinSolidandLiquidMaterials 52 3.4 AnalogyModels 53 References 55 FurtherReading 55 4 MoistureandHumidityMeasurementMethodsinSolid,Liquid, andGaseousSubstances 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 MeasurementofElectricalandMagneticProperties 58 4.2.1 MeasurementPrinciple 60 4.2.2 Low-FrequencyMethod 62 4.2.2.1 MeasurementPrinciple 62 4.2.2.2 TechnicalImplementation 62 4.2.3 High-FrequencyMethod 64 4.2.3.1 MeasurementPrinciple 64 4.2.3.2 TechnicalImplementation 66 4.2.4 MicrowaveMethod 70 4.2.4.1 MeasurementPrinciple 70 4.2.4.2 TechnicalImplementation 70 4.2.5 RadarMethod 72 4.2.5.1 MeasurementPrinciple 72 4.2.5.2 TechnicalImplementation 72 4.2.5.3 Specialties 73 4.3 MeasurementofWaterVaporPressureinGases 73 4.3.1 MetalOxideSensors 73 4.3.1.1 PhysicalPrinciple 73 4.3.1.2 TechnicalImplementation 74 4.3.1.3 PrincipalApplication 75 4.3.2 QuartzMicrobalance 75 4.3.2.1 PhysicalPrinciple 75 4.3.2.2 TechnicalImplementation 75 4.3.2.3 PrincipalApplication 76 4.3.3 Psychrometer 76 4.3.3.1 PhysicalPrinciple 77 4.3.3.2 TechnicalImplementation 77 4.3.3.3 MathematicalDescriptionofPsychrometers 80 ContentsjVII 4.3.4 CapacitivePolymerSensors 80 4.3.4.1 PhysicalPrinciple 80 4.3.4.2 TechnicalImplementation 81 4.3.4.3 Specialties 84 4.3.5 DewPointMirror 86 4.3.5.1 PhysicalPrinciple 86 4.3.5.2 TechnicalImplementation 86 4.3.6 ZirconiumOxideDevices 92 4.3.6.1 TechnicalImplementation 94 4.3.7 MeasurementsBasedonGeometricChangesofNatural andArtificialMaterials 95 4.3.7.1 PhysicalPrinciple 95 4.3.7.2 TechnicalImplementation 95 4.3.7.3 TechnicalImplementationofHygrometerswithSize-Varying Material 97 4.3.8 ResistiveSensors 98 4.3.8.1 PhysicalPrinciple 98 4.3.8.2 TechnicalImplementation 99 4.4 WaterContentMeasurementsUsingChemicalMethods 101 4.4.1 CoulometricMeasurement 101 4.4.1.1 MeasurementPrinciple 101 4.4.1.2 TechnicalImplementation 102 4.4.1.3 Specialties 104 4.4.2 CalciumCarbide 106 4.4.2.1 MeasurementPrinciple 106 4.4.2.2 TechnicalImplementation 106 4.4.3 CalciumHydride 108 4.4.3.1 MeasurementPrinciple 108 4.4.3.2 TechnicalImplementation 109 4.4.4 KarlFischerTitration 109 4.4.4.1 Principle 109 4.4.4.2 TechnicalImplementation 110 4.4.4.3 Applications 110 4.4.5 HumidityIndicator 112 4.4.5.1 Principle 112 4.4.5.2 TechnicalRealization 112 4.4.5.3 Applications 114 4.5 MeasurementoftheOpticalPropertiesofWaterandWaterVapor 114 4.5.1 MeasurementsintheInfraredSpectralRange 116 4.5.1.1 PhysicalPrinciple 116 4.5.1.2 TechnicalImplementation 117 4.5.1.3 MeasurementinLiquids 123 4.5.1.4 MeasurementinOpaqueMaterials 123 4.5.2 MeasurementintheUVRange 124 4.5.2.1 TechnicalImplementation 125 VIIIjContents 4.5.3 MeasurementwithOpticalFibers 127 4.5.3.1 PhysicalPrinciple 127 4.5.3.2 TechnicalImplementation 127 4.5.4 MeasurementofMieScatteringbyWaterDroplets 129 4.5.4.1 PhysicalPrinciple 129 4.5.4.2 TechnicalImplementation 131 4.5.5 HolographicMeasurementofWaterDroplets 131 4.5.5.1 PhysicalPrinciple 131 4.5.5.2 DigitalHolography 132 4.5.5.3 TechnicalImplementation 133 4.6 MeasurementofAcousticPropertiesofWaterVapor 134 4.6.1 PhysicalPrinciple 134 4.6.2 TechnicalImplementation 134 4.7 MeasurementofSuctionPressureinSolidMaterials 136 4.7.1 Tensiometry 136 4.7.1.1 PhysicalPrinciple 136 4.7.1.2 TechnicalImplementation 137 4.7.2 GypsumBlockMethod 139 4.7.2.1 PhysicalPrinciple 139 4.7.2.2 TechnicalImplementation 139 4.7.2.3 SpecialDesigns 140 4.8 MeasurementofNuclearPropertiesofWater 141 4.8.1 NeutronMeasurement 141 4.8.1.1 PhysicalPrinciple 141 4.8.1.2 TechnicalImplementation 141 4.8.2 DevicesBasedonGammaRadiation 142 4.8.2.1 PhysicalPrinciple 142 4.8.2.2 TechnicalImplementation 142 4.9 NuclearMagneticResonanceSpectroscopy 143 4.9.1 PhysicalPrinciple 143 4.9.2 TechnicalImplementation 144 4.10 Thermogravimetry 145 4.10.1 PhysicalPrinciple 145 4.10.2 TechnicalImplementation 146 4.10.2.1 HeatSources 147 4.10.2.2 DryingwithDesiccants 148 4.10.2.3 OvenDryingMethod 149 4.11 MeasurementoftheThermalPropertiesofSolids 150 4.11.1 PhysicalPrinciple 150 4.11.2 TechnicalImplementation 151 4.11.3 MeasurementofWaterMovement 151 4.11.4 MoistureMeasurementinInsulatingMaterials 153 4.12 NanostructuredMeasurementDevices 154 4.12.1 ContactMethods 154 4.12.2 NoncontactMethods 155