Modern Chinese Complex Sentences I This book is the first of a four-volume set on modern Chinese complex sentences, and is focused on the overall characteristics and the casual complex sentences in the language in particular. Complex sentences in modern Chinese are unique in information and mean- ing. The author proposes a tripartite classification of Chinese complex sentences according to the semantic relationships between the clauses, that is, coordinate, causal, and adversative. The first part of this volume defines Chinese complex sentences, introduces the properties, scope, and functions of complex sentence relationship markers, and makes detailed comparisons between the tripartite and dichotomous systems for the classification of complex sentences. The second part thoroughly investigates causal complex sentences in their eight typical forms. The book will be a useful reference for scholars and learners interested in Chinese grammar and language information processing. XING Fuyi is a renowned Chinese linguist and a senior professor at Central China Normal University. He has been devoted to the studies of modern Chinese grammar and has initiated the clause-pivotal approach for modern Chinese gram- mar studies. His other major publications include Modern Chinese Grammar: A Clause-Pivot Approach and Three Hundred Qs & As about Chinese Grammar. Chinese Linguistics Chinese Linguistics series selects representative and frontier works in linguistic disciplines including lexicology, grammar, phonetics, dialectology, philology and rhetoric. Mostly published in Chinese before, the selection has had far-reaching influence on China’s linguistics and offered inspiration and reference for the world’s linguistics. The aim of this series is to reflect the general level and latest development of Chinese linguistics from an overall and objective view. Titles in this series currently include: Jin Chinese Grammar I Referent and Tense of Northern Shaanxi Dialect Xing Xiangdong Jin Chinese Grammar II Syntax and Modality of Northern Shaanxi Dialect Xing Xiangdong Modern Chinese Complex Sentences I Overview and Causal Type XING Fuyi A Brief History of the Chinese Language I The Basics of Chinese Phonetics Xi Xiang A Brief History of the Chinese Language II From Old Chinese to Middle Chinese Phonetic System Xi Xiang A Brief History of the Chinese Language III From Middle Chinese to Modern Chinese Phonetic System Xi Xiang For more information, please visit www.routledge.com/Chinese-Linguistics/ book-series/CL Modern Chinese Complex Sentences I Overview and causal type XING Fuyi This book is published with financial support from the Chinese Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences. First published in English 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 XING Fuyi Translated by WANG Yuhong, YI Honggen The right of XING Fuyi to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. English version by permission of The Commercial Press. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-37422-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-37425-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-34021-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003340218 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Diagrams vii List of Tables viii Preface ix Translator’s Preface xii Abbreviations xiii PART I Overview 1 1 Complex sentences and classifications 3 2 Connectives in complex sentences 36 3 Tripartite classification of complex sentences 50 PART II Complex sentences of the causal type and relevant forms 71 4 “yīnwèi p, suǒyǐ q” and relevant forms 73 5 “yīn p, yīn q” in Dream of the Red Chamber 98 6 “rúguǒ p, jiù q” and relevant forms 108 7 “zhǐyǒu p, cái q” and relevant forms 123 8 “zhǐyào p, jiù q” and “rúguǒ p, jiù q” 138 9 “yào bùshì p, jiù q” 150 vi Contents 10 “p, yǐbiàn q” and relevant forms 163 11 “yǔqí p, bùrú q” 176 Appendix: Notes on the special format 212 Index 217 Diagrams 1.1 The structural hierarchy of Example (28) 18 1.2 The structural hierarchy of Example (29) 19 1.3 The structural hierarchy of Example (30) 19 1.4 The structural hierarchy of Example (31) 20 1.5 The structural hierarchy of Example (32) 21 3.1 Tripartite classification of complex sentences 63 Tables 1.1 A comparison between two different classifications 14 2.1 The relations between static result and dynamic process 42 3.1 The sketch of the tripartite classification of complex sentences 50 3.2 Complex sentences of the causal type 52 3.3 Complex sentences of the coordinate type 55 3.4 Complex sentences of the adversative type 57 3.5 Multiple-to-one and one-to-multiple 60 3.6 Multiple-to-one 61 3.7 One-to-multiple 61 3.8 Common classification in the teaching of Chinese 64 5.1 Statistics of cause marker yīn and effect marker yīn 99 Preface I have devoted more than two decades to the exploration of Chinese complex sen- tences. A list of my publications on this topic can be found in the “List of Relevant Publications by the Author (1977–1999)” at the end of this book. In 1997, I presided over Modern Chinese Complex Sentence System and Com- plex Sentence Forms, a national “Ninth Five-Year Plan” project in social sciences. Since then, I have reviewed and revised my previous relevant publications while furthering the research, and consolidated it into this book, Modern Chinese Com- plex Sentences, as was suggested to me by Mr. ZHOU Hongbo, Head of the Chi- nese Language Editorial Department of the Commercial Press. As for complex sentence research, I do not think I could omit my paper On “Attribute + Noun” Structures as Clauses, which took more than ten years to be published. In late July 1965, I wrote a short essay On Holophrastic Sentences Functioning as Clauses, of approximately 2,000 words, and submitted it to the journal Studies of Chinese Language. The editor responded on December 2, con- firming the fact that holophrastic sentences can function as clauses, and suggested that I collect more holophrastic sentences, analyze their features and functions, and then write a longer essay on the so-called holophrastic sentences. Before long, the Cultural Revolution began, but I did not cease my research. I accompanied students to factories for “Open-door Education”1 in August 1973 and hid myself in the mosquito net during the lunch breaks to complete my 20,000+ word essay A Discussion on the Combination of “Attribute+Noun” Clause and “Non-Attribute+Noun” Clause in Complex Sentences. In December 1977, I pared this essay to 10,000+ words, renamed it, and resubmitted it to Studies of Chi- nese Language, which had resumed after the Cultural Revolution. Luckily, it was accepted and published in Issue 1, 1979 as a key article. On September 28, 1979, Professor LV Shuxiang, who was then Chief Editor (Studies of Chinese Lan- guage), wrote to me, “I have read quite a number of your publications, and have found you very hardworking. The thoughts in your papers are clearly and logically presented, and are often insightful. The paper On “Attribute+Noun” Structures as 1 Translators’ note: Opening-door Education is a specific education policy during the Cultural Revo- lution. Students and teachers were asked to go out of school to study through labor work in factories and on farmland, whereas workers and peasants assumed the role of professors.