P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 MODERN ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ModernArchitecturalTheoryisthefirstbooktoprovideacomprehensivesurvey ofarchitecturaltheory,primarilyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates,duringthree centuriesofdevelopment.Inthissyntheticoverview,HarryMallgraveexamines architecturaldiscoursewithinitssocialandpoliticalcontext.Heexploresthe philosophical and conceptual evolution of its ideas, discusses the relation of theorytothepracticeofbuilding,and,mostimportantly,considersthewords ofthearchitectsthemselvesastheycontentiouslyshapedWesternarchitecture. He also examines the compelling currents of French rationalist and British empiricistthought,theradicalreformationoftheoryduringtheEnlightenment, the intellectual ambitions and historicist debates of the nineteenth century, and the distinctive varieties of modern theory in the twentieth century up to the profound social upheaval of the 1960s. Modern Architectural Theory challenges many assumptions about architectural modernism and uncovers manynewdimensionsofthedebatesaboutmodernism. Asadistinguishedhistorian,HarryFrancisMallgravehaslongdedicatedhim- selftominingthearchitecturalideasofthepastthreecenturies.Fornearlytwo decades he served as the Editor of Architecture and Aesthetics for the highly acclaimed “Texts and Documents Series” of the Getty Research Institute, in which capacity he was engaged in the publication of more than twenty vol- umes devoted to theoretical matters. He has authored, edited, and translated numerous books, among which his intellectual biography, Gottfried Semper: ArchitectoftheNineteenthCentury,receivedtheAliceDavidHitchcockAward fromtheSocietyofArchitecturalHistorians.HecurrentlyresidesinVeroBeach, Florida,andhasreturnedtoarchitecturalpractice. i P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 ii P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 MODERN ARCHITECTURAL THEORY A Historical Survey, 1673–1968 HARRY FRANCIS MALLGRAVE iii    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521793063 © Harry Francis Mallgrave 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) - --- eBook (NetLibrary) - ---- hardback - --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 ToSusan v P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 vi P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 CONTENTS (cid:1) ListofIllustrations xi (cid:1) Preface xv (cid:1) 1. Prelude 1 (cid:1) 1. Franc¸oisBlondelandtheFrenchAcademicTradition 1 (cid:1) 2. ClaudePerraultandtheLouvre 3 (cid:1) 3. TheQuarreloftheAncientsandtheModerns 6 (cid:1) 4. TheFirstProjectfortheChurchofSte.-Geneviève 9 (cid:1) 2. TheEnlightenmentandNeoclassicalTheory 13 (cid:1) 1. TheEnlightenmentinFrance 13 (cid:1) 2. SoufflotandtheChurchofSte.-Geneviève 15 (cid:1) 3. Marc-AntoineLaugier 19 (cid:1) 4. The“Rediscovery”ofGreece 24 (cid:1) 5. TheHistoriographyofWinckelmann 28 (cid:1) 6. TheGraeco-RomanDebate 31 (cid:1) 7. NeoclassicismandCharacter 36 (cid:1) 3. BritishTheoryintheEighteenthCentury 44 (cid:1) 1. TheLegacyofJonesandWren 44 (cid:1) 2. ThePalladianMovement 47 (cid:1) 3. TheOriginsofthePicturesqueandtheSublime 51 (cid:1) 4. TheScottishandIrishEnlightenment 55 (cid:1) 5. PicturesqueTheory 59 (cid:1) 6. JohnSoane 63 (cid:1) 4. NeoclassicismandHistoricism 67 (cid:1) 1. DurandandQuatremèredeQuincy 67 (cid:1) 2. ThePolychromeDebate 74 vii P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 CONTENTS (cid:1) 3. Socialism,Romanticism,andthe“PetiteRévolution” 78 (cid:1) 4. ClassicismandtheGothicRevivalinBritain 82 (cid:1) 5. TheRiseofGermanTheory 91 (cid:1) 1. TheGermanEnlightenment 91 (cid:1) 2. FriedrichGillyandKarlFriedrichSchinkel 93 (cid:1) 3. Weinbrenner,Moller,Klenze,andGärtner 102 (cid:1) 4. InWhatStyleShouldWeBuild? 106 (cid:1) 5. KarlBo¨tticherandtheStyleDebate 108 (cid:1) 6. CompetingDirectionsatMidcentury 114 (cid:1) 1. TheBritishStyleDebate1840–1860 114 (cid:1) 2. Viollet-le-DucandtheDebateinFrance 123 (cid:1) 3. GottfriedSemperandtheIdeaofStyle 130 (cid:1) 7. HistoricismintheUnitedStates 140 (cid:1) 1. TheTraditionofAmericanClassicism 140 (cid:1) 2. StylisticPluralismaroundMidcentury 148 (cid:1) 3. EmersonandGreenough 153 (cid:1) 4. DavisandDowning 155 (cid:1) 5. RichardsonandSullivan 160 (cid:1) 8. TheArtsandCraftsMovements 170 (cid:1) 1. TheBritishArtsandCraftsMovement 170 (cid:1) 2. DomesticReformsontheContinentofEurope 177 (cid:1) 3. ReformMovementsintheUnitedStates 185 (cid:1) 4. CamilloSitteandEbenezerHoward 190 9. ExcursusonaFewoftheConceptualFoundationsof (cid:1) Twentieth-CenturyGermanModernism 195 (cid:1) 10. Modernism1889–1914 204 (cid:1) 1. OttoWagner 204 (cid:1) 2. RealismandSachlichkeit 207 (cid:1) 3. EndellandvandeVelde 211 (cid:1) 4. Olbrich,Hoffmann,andLoos 213 (cid:1) 5. BerlageandWright 218 (cid:1) 6. Garnier,Perret,Jeanneret,andSant’Elia 223 (cid:1) 7. MuthesiusandBehrens 226 (cid:1) 11. EuropeanModernism1917–1933 235 (cid:1) 1. SpenglerismversusTaylorism 235 (cid:1) 2. SovietRationalismandConstructivism 238 (cid:1) 3. DeStijlandDutchModernism 241 viii P1:JPJ/JZK P2:GDZ/JZK QC:GDZ/JZK T1:GDZ 0521793068fm CB772-Mallgrave-v1 April14,2005 20:4 CONTENTS (cid:1) 4. ExpressionismandtheBauhaus 244 (cid:1) 5. LeCorbusierandGiedion 253 (cid:1) 6. TheBreadthoftheEarlyModernMovement 261 (cid:1) 7. WeissenhofandCIAM 271 (cid:1) 12. AmericanModernism1917–1934 279 (cid:1) 1. TheAmericanSkyscraper 279 (cid:1) 2. Wright:TheLostYears 287 (cid:1) 3. SchindlerandNeutra 290 (cid:1) 4. MumfordandFuller 293 (cid:1) 5. TheInternationalStyleExhibition 298 (cid:1) 13. Depression,War,andAftermath1934–1958 305 (cid:1) 1. TotalitarianisminGermanyandItaly 305 (cid:1) 2. PrewarTheoryElsewhereinEurope 312 (cid:1) 3. AmericanPracticeandAcademicReforms,1934–1941 316 (cid:1) 4. The1940sand1950sintheUnitedStates 325 (cid:1) 5. PostwarModernisminSouthAmerica,Asia,andEurope 342 (cid:1) 14. ChallengestoModernisminEurope1959–1967 355 (cid:1) 1. CIAMandTeam10 355 (cid:1) 2. TheItalian“Retreat”fromtheModernMovement 361 (cid:1) 3. Banham,Archigram,Metabolism,andOtherUtopianisms 364 (cid:1) 4. Phenomenology,Structuralism,andSemiotics 369 (cid:1) 5. Ungers,Sterling,Scarpa,andRossi 373 (cid:1) 15. ChallengestoModernisminAmerica 380 (cid:1) 1. Mumford,Jacobs,andtheFailureoftheAmericanCity 380 (cid:1) 2. FromaPatternLanguagetotheI-Ching 387 (cid:1) 3. LouisI.Kahn 391 (cid:1) 4. ColinRowe,PeterEisenman,andCASE 394 (cid:1) 5. ComplexityandContradictioninArchitecture 398 (cid:1) Epilogue 404 (cid:1) 1968 404 (cid:1) Notes 417 (cid:1) Index 483 ix