P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 This page intentionally left blank ii P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 ModelsandMethodsinSocialNetworkAnalysis ModelsandMethodsinSocialNetworkAnalysispresentsthemostimportantdevelopments inquantitativemodelsandmethodsforanalyzingsocialnetworkdatathathaveappeared during the 1990s. Intended as a complement to Wasserman and Faust’s Social Network Analysis:MethodsandApplications,itisacollectionoforiginalarticlesbyleadingmethod- ologistsreviewingrecentadvancesintheirparticularareasofnetworkmethods.Reviewed areadvancesinnetworkmeasurement,networksampling,theanalysisofcentrality,posi- tionalanalysisorblockmodeling,theanalysisofdiffusionthroughnetworks,theanalysis ofaffiliationor“two-mode”networks,thetheoryofrandomgraphs,dependencegraphs, exponentialfamiliesofrandomgraphs,theanalysisoflongitudinalnetworkdata,graphic techniquesforexploringnetworkdata,andsoftwarefortheanalysisofsocialnetworks. PeterJ.CarringtonisProfessorofSociologyattheUniversityofWaterlooandEditorofthe CanadianJournalofCriminologyandCriminalJustice.Hismainteachingandresearch interests are in the criminal and juvenile justice systems, social networks, and research methodsandstatistics.HehaspublishedarticlesintheCanadianJournalofCriminology andCriminalJustice,AmericanJournalofPsychiatry,JournalofMathematicalSociology, and Social Networks. He iscurrently doing research on police discretion, criminal and delinquentcareersandnetworks,andtheimpactoftheYouthCriminalJusticeActonthe youthjusticesysteminCanada. John Scott is Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex. An active member of theBritishSociologicalAssociation,heservedasitspresidentfrom2001until2003.He haswrittenmorethanfifteenbooks,includingCorporateBusinessandCapitalistClasses (1997),SocialNetworkAnalysis(1991and2000),SociologicalTheory(1995),andPower (2001).WithJamesFulcher,heistheauthoroftheleadingintroductorytextbookSociology (1999and2003).HeisamemberoftheEditorialBoardoftheBritishJournalofSociology andisanAcademicianoftheAcademyofLearnedSocietiesintheSocialSciences. StanleyWassermanisRudyProfessorofSociology,Psychology,andStatisticsatIndiana University.Hehasdoneresearchonmethodologyforsocialnetworksforthirtyyears.Hehas co-authoredwithKatherineFaustSocialNetworkAnalysis:MethodsandApplications,pub- lishedin1994inthisseriesbyCambridgeUniversityPress,andhasco-editedwithJoseph Galaskiewicz Social Network Analysis: Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (1994).Hisworkisrecognizedbystatisticians,aswellassocialandbehavioralscientists, worldwide.HeiscurrentlyBookReviewEditorofChanceandanAssociateEditorofthe JournaloftheAmericanStatisticalAssociationandPsychometrika.Hehasalsobeenavery activeconsultantandiscurrentlyChiefScientistofVisiblePath,anorganizationalnetwork softwarefirm. i P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 ii P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 StructuralAnalysisintheSocialSciences 27 MarkGranovetter,Generaleditor TheseriesStructuralAnalysisintheSocialSciencespresentsapproachesthatexplainsocial behaviorandinstitutionsbyreferencetorelationsamongsuchconcreteentitiesaspersons andorganizations.Thiscontrastswithatleastfourotherpopularstrategies:(a)reductionist attemptstoexplainbyafocusonindividualsalone;(b)explanationsstressingthecausal primacyofsuchabstractconceptsasideas,values,mentalharmonies,andcognitivemaps (thus, “structuralism” on the Continent should be distinguished from structural analysis in the present sense); (c) technological and material determination; and (d) explanation using“variables”asthemainanalyticconcepts(asinthe“structuralequation”modelsthat dominatedmuchofthesociologyofthe1970s),wherestructureisthatconnectingvariables ratherthatactualsocialentities. Thesocialnetworkapproachisanimportantexampleofthestrategyofstructuralanalysis; the series also draws on social science theory and research that is not framed explicitly innetworkterms,butstressestheimportanceofrelationsratherthantheatomizationof reductionorthedeterminationofideas,technology,ormaterialconditions.Althoughthe structuralperspectivehasbecomeextremelypopularandinfluentialinallthesocialsciences, itdoesnothaveacoherentidentity,andnoseriesyetpullstogethersuchworkunderasingle rubric.Bybringingtheachievementsofstructurallyorientedscholarstoawiderpublic,this serieshopestoencouragetheuseofthisveryfruitfulapproach. Otherbooksintheseries: 1. MarkS.MizruchiandMichaelSchwartz,eds.,IntercorporateRelations:The StructuralAnalysisofBusiness 2. BarryWellmanandS.D.Berkowitz,eds.,SocialStructures:ANetworkApproach 3. RonaldL.Brieger,ed.,SocialMobilityandSocialStructure 4. DavidKnoke,PoliticalNetworks:TheStructuralPerspective 5. JohnL.Campbell,J.RogersHollingsworth,andLeonN.Lindberg,eds.,Governance oftheAmericanEconomy 6. KyriakosKontopoulos,TheLogicsofSocialStructure 7. PhilippaPattison,AlgebraicModelsforSocialStructure 8. StanleyWassermanandKatherineFaust,SocialNetworkAnalysis:Methodsand Applications 9. GaryHerrigel,IndustrialConstructions:TheSourcesofGermanIndustrialPower 10. PhilippeBourgois,InSearchofRespect:SellingCrackinElBarrio 11. PerHageandFrankHarary,IslandNetworks:Communication,Kinship,and ClassificationStructuresinOceana 12. ThomasSchweizerandDouglasR.White,eds.,Kinship,Networks,andExchange 13. NoahE.Friedkin,AStructuralTheoryofSocialInfluence 14. DavidWank,CommodifyingCommunism:Business,Trust,andPoliticsinaChinese City 15. RebeccaAdamsandGrahamAllan,PlacingFriendshipinContext 16. RobertL.NelsonandWilliamP.Bridges,LegalizingGenderInequality:Courts, MarketsandUnequalPayforWomeninAmerica ContinuedaftertheIndex iii P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 iv P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis Editedby PETER J. CARRINGTON UniversityofWaterloo JOHN SCOTT UniversityofEssex STANLEY WASSERMAN IndianaUniversity v    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521809597 © Cambridge University Press 2005 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 - ---- eBook (EBL) - --- eBook (EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of sforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhisbook,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 Contents Acknowledgments pageix Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1 StanleyWasserman,JohnScott,andPeterJ.Carrington 2 RecentDevelopmentsinNetworkMeasurement 8 PeterV.Marsden 3 NetworkSamplingandModelFitting 31 OveFrank 4 ExtendingCentrality 57 MartinEverettandStephenP.Borgatti 5 PositionalAnalysesofSociometricData 77 PatrickDoreian,VladimirBatagelj,andAnusˇkaFerligoj 6 NetworkModelsandMethodsforStudyingtheDiffusionofInnovations 98 ThomasW.Valente 7 UsingCorrespondenceAnalysisforJointDisplaysofAffiliationNetworks 117 KatherineFaust 8 AnIntroductiontoRandomGraphs,DependenceGraphs,andp* 148 StanleyWassermanandGarryRobins 9 RandomGraphModelsforSocialNetworks:MultipleRelationsor MultipleRaters 162 LauraM.KoehlyandPhilippaPattison 10 InterdependenciesandSocialProcesses:DependenceGraphsand GeneralizedDependenceStructures 192 GarryRobinsandPhilippaPattison 11 ModelsforLongitudinalNetworkData 215 TomA.B.Snijders 12 GraphicTechniquesforExploringSocialNetworkData 248 LintonC.Freeman 13 SoftwareforSocialNetworkAnalysis 270 MarkHuismanandMarijtjeA.J.vanDuijn Index 317 vii P1:IYP 0521809592agg.xml CB777B/Carrington 0521809592 April9,2005 15:59 viii