Dissertations and Theses 9-2017 MMooddeelliinngg tthhee UUssee ooff aann AAiirrbboorrnnee PPllaattffoorrmm ffoorr CCeelllluullaarr CCoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss FFoolllloowwiinngg DDiissrruuppttiioonnss Stephen John Curran Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/edt Part of the Aviation Commons, and the Communication Commons SScchhoollaarrllyy CCoommmmoonnss CCiittaattiioonn Curran, Stephen John, "Modeling the Use of an Airborne Platform for Cellular Communications Following Disruptions" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. 353. https://commons.erau.edu/edt/353 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING THE USE OF AN AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS FOLLOWING DISRUPTIONS By Stephen John Curran A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Aviation in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach, Florida September 2017 © 2017 Stephen John Curran All Rights Reserved. ii ABSTRACT Researcher: Stephen John Curran Title: MODELING THE USE OF AN AIRBORNE PLATFORM FOR CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS FOLLOWING DISRUPTIONS Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Year: 2017 In the wake of a disaster, infrastructure can be severely damaged, hampering telecommunications. An Airborne Communications Network (ACN) allows for rapid and accurate information exchange that is essential for the disaster response period. Access to information for survivors is the start of returning to self-sufficiency, regaining dignity, and maintaining hope. Real-world testing has proven that such a system can be built, leading to possible future expansion of features and functionality of an emergency communications system. Currently, there are no airborne civilian communications systems designed to meet the demands of the public following a natural disaster. A system allowing even a limited amount of communications post-disaster is a great improvement on the current situation, where telecommunications are frequently not available. It is technically feasible to use an airborne, wireless, cellular system quickly deployable to disaster areas and configured to restore some of the functions of damaged terrestrial telecommunications networks. The system requirements were presented, leading to the next stage of the planned research, where a range of possible solutions were examined. The best solution was selected based on the earlier, predefined criteria. The system was modeled, and a test i system built. The system was tested and redesigned when necessary, to meet the requirements. The research has shown how the combination of technology, especially the recent miniaturizations and move to open source software for cellular network components can allow sophisticated cellular networks to be implemented. The ACN system proposed could enable connectivity and reduce the communications problems that were experienced following Hurricane Sandy and Katrina. Experience with both natural and man-made disasters highlights the fact that communications are useful only to the extent that they are accessible and useable by the population. ii DEDICATION Undertaking this research study has been an invaluable learning experience. By looking at the development of aviation as a platform to support wireless communications, the author has gained some understanding of the nature of research and of the cyclical and iterative process that is the challenging nature of the investigation process. When carrying out the research, things did not fit neatly into categories, and the exploration could be frustrating and sometimes tedious yet at other times immensely rewarding and even exhilarating. The experience of successfully using an airborne platform as a self-contained communications system was a culmination of several avenues of research in the area of aviation combined with telecommunications. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my grandfather John Wickham to whom I owe my energy and stubbornness. To my parents, Maurice and Ann Curran for their direction and understanding throughout my life. To my partner Junel McFarlane for her support, both overt and covert, throughout the Ph.D program. To my advisor Dr. Dothang Truong for his wise counsel through this journey. Thank you also to my entire committee for their hard work, advice, quick response, and guidance through the dissertation phase of the program. Finally, to Dr. Mark Friend, without whom, I have no doubt, I would not have completed the dissertation. As Isaac Newton said, "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Committee Signature Page ................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .....................................................................................................................x Chapter I Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Significance of the Study .................................................................5 Statement of the Problem .................................................................7 Purpose Statement ............................................................................7 Research Question ...........................................................................7 Delimitation………………………………………………………. 8 Limitations and Assumptions ..........................................................9 Definition of Terms..........................................................................9 List of Acronyms ...........................................................................10 Chapter II Review of the Relevant Literature ...................................................................13 Effects of a Disaster .......................................................................14 Features of an Emergency Communications System.....................16 Current Communications Systems .................................................17 Existing Research on the Topic .....................................................19 v Host Platforms ...............................................................................21 Choice of Mobile Cellular Technology .........................................23 Airborne Communications .............................................................30 Cellular Network Planning ............................................................34 Network Modeling .........................................................................42 Chapter III Methodology ..................................................................................................46 Radio Network Modeling ..............................................................64 Verification and Validation of System Models .............................68 Advantages of Modeling ................................................................69 System Access and Congestion Control ........................................70 Implementation of a Test System ..................................................72 Operation of Network in Closed Lab Environment .......................73 Chapter IV Results .............................................................................................................78 Operation of Network in Outdoor Environment ............................82 Operation of the Open BTS Network with Connection to an Aircraft ...........................................................................................85 Full Network Operation Test .........................................................88 Chapter V Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations …..……… ……………..93 Discussion ......................................................................................94 Conclusions ....................................................................................96 Recommendations ........................................................................100 Recommendations for Future Research .......................................102 References ........................................................................................................................106 vi