Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Joints · Lucas Filipe Martins da Silva ¨ Andreas Ochsner (Eds.) Modeling of Adhesively Bonded Joints 123 Editors LucasFilipeMartinsdaSilva Prof.Dr.Andreas O¨chsner DepartamentodeEngenhariaMecaˆnica TechnicalUniversityofMalaysia eGesta˜oIndustrial FacultyofMechanicalEngineering FaculdadedeEngenharia DepartmentofAppliedMechanics UniversidadedoPorto 91310UTMSkudai,Johor RuaDr.RobertoFrias Malaysia 4200-465Porto [email protected] Portugal [email protected] ISBN:978-3-540-79055-6 e-ISBN:978-3-540-79056-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008927234 (cid:2)c 2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarS.L. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface Adhesiveshavebeenusedforthousandsofyears,butuntil100yearsago,thevast majority were from natural products such as bones, skins, fish, milk, and plants. Sinceabout1900,adhesivesbasedonsyntheticpolymershavebeenintroduced,but these were at first of limited use as they were expensive and had poor mechanical properties. Since 1940, there has been a rapid expansion of the chemical knowl- edgeofpolymersfromwhichstructuraladhesivescanbemade,withaconsequent improvementintheirpropertiesandreductionoftheircost.Today,therearemany industrialusesofstructuraladhesives,particularlyinaerospace,butincreasinglyin automotive applications wheretheneed istojoinsheetsofdissimilaradhesives to producelightweightcarbodies. In the old days, adhesive use was based on trial and error, together with expe- rience of what was known to work, without any real means of optimisation. With modern technological needs and assisted by modern computers and experimental techniques,itisnowpossibletoassestheperformanceofadhesivelybondedjoints before committing a design to manufacture. At least, that is the intention. Reality issuchthatweneedcontinuallytoimproveanddevelopthesetechniquesasdefini- tive and certain answers are still not available. Even now, we rely to a significant extentontrialanderrorandtotestprototypesorcouponstovalidate(ortocheck) thetheoreticalpredictions. The objective of this book is to bring together some of the latest thinking on available predictive technology for structural bonded joints, using internationally renownedauthorswhoareauthoritiesintheirfields. Therearetwobasicwaysofanalysingtheperformanceofajoint.Intheolddays, beforewehadadvancedcomputers,wereliedonalgebraicmethods,usingarange ofsimpleorcomplexformulae.Itwasdifficultorimpossibletosolvemostofthese algebraicformulationsinaclosedformandsowereliedtosomeextentonnumer- ical solutions. Even those solutions we could obtain were often so complex that it tookseveralminutestocalculateasinglepointbyhand.However,moderncomput- ers can now be programmed to solve these complex formulae on a point by point basis since they can calculate the values in microseconds. These “old” algebraic formulae have therefore gained a new lease of life and can, for relatively simple v vi Preface jointgeometries,giveagoodindicationofthestressesandstrainsinajoint.Since 1970, the numerical technique called finite element analysis has been developed fromacrudeandessentiallyaresearchtoolintoasophisticatedcommerciallyavail- ablesystem.Thefacilitatorhasbeentheparalleldevelopmentofdigitalcomputers. Thesecomputershavebecomefasterandabletotacklelargenumericalcalculations onevenalaptopcomputer.Indeed,amodernlaptopcangiveresultsinsecondsthat in1980wouldhavehadaturnroundtimeofadayormoreusingalargemainframe computersuchasmightbefoundinauniversityoralargeindustrialcompany.For example,amodernmotorcarcontainsmorecomputingpowerthanwasusedforthe firstspacelandingsin1970. Foranyonewantingtounderstandhowadhesivejointswillbehaveundersignifi- cantloadsandhowyoumightgoaboutgettingadesignload,thisbookprovidesan excellentreviewofthemostuptodatethinkingandpractice. DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, RobertDAdams UniversityofBristol,BristolBS81TR,UK Contents PartI AnalyticalModeling 1 SimpleLapJointGeometry................................... 3 AndrewD.CrocombeandIanA.Ashcroft 2 AnalysisofCrackedLapShear(CLS)Joints .................... 25 LiyongTongandQuantianLuo 3 AnalyticalModelswithStressFunctions ........................ 53 ToshiyukiSawa PartII NumericalModeling 4 ComplexConstitutiveAdhesiveModels ......................... 95 ErolSancaktar 5 ComplexJointGeometry ..................................... 131 AndreasO¨chsner,LucasF.M.daSilvaandRobertD.Adams 6 ProgressiveDamageModelling ................................ 155 MarceloF.S.FdeMoura 7 ModellingFatigueinAdhesivelyBondedJoints .................. 183 IanA.AshcroftandAndrewD.Crocombe 8 EnvironmentalDegradation................................... 225 AndrewD.Crocombe,IanA.AshcroftandMagdM.AbdelWahab 9 Non-LinearThermalStressesinAdhesiveJoints ................. 243 MustafaKemalK.Apalak vii viii Contents 10 Impact .................................................... 279 ChiakiSato 11 StressAnalysisofBondedJointsbyBoundaryElementMethod .... 305 MadhukarVable Index .............................................................327 List of Contributors AndrewD.Crocombe Division of Mechanical, Medical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering,UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,GU27XH,UK, e-mail:[email protected] AndreasO¨chsner DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,Technical UniversityofMalaysia,81310UTMSkudai,Johor,Malaysia;UniversityCentre forMassandThermalTransportinEngineeringMaterials,SchoolofEngineering, TheUniversityofNewcastle,Callaghan,NSW2308,Australia, e-mail:[email protected] ChiakiSato Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta,Midori-ku,Yokohama226-8503,Japan,e-mail:[email protected] ErolSancaktar Professor,PolymerEngineering,AdjunctProfessor,MechanicalEngineering,The UniversityofAkron,Akron,OH44325-0301,e-mail:[email protected] IanA.Ashcroft WolfsonSchoolofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,Loughborough University,Loughborough,Leicestershire,LE113TU,UK, e-mail:[email protected] LiyongTong SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandMechatronicEngineering,J11-Aeronautical Engineering Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, e-mail:[email protected] LucasF.M.daSilva Departamento de Engenharia Mecaˆnica e Gesta˜o Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal,e-mail:[email protected] ix x ListofContributors MadhukarVable Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University,Houghton,MI49931,USA,e-mail:[email protected] MagdM.AbdelWahab DivisionofMechanical,MedicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofSurrey, Guildford,GU27XH,UK,e-mail:[email protected] MarceloF.S.FdeMoura Departamento de Engenharia Mecaˆnica e Gesta˜o Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal,e-mail:[email protected] MustafaKemalK.Apalak Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey,e-mail:[email protected] QuantianLuo SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandMechatronicEngineering,J11-Aeronautical Engineering Building, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia, e-mail:[email protected] RobertD.Adams DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofBristol,BristolBS81TR, UK,e-mail:[email protected] ToshiyukiSawa HiroshimaUniversity,1-4-1,Kagamiyama,Higashihiroshima,Hiroshima,Japan, e-mail:[email protected] Part I Analytical Modeling