Mobilizing for Action A Report to Help Create Culturally Responsive Pathways for Isolated Immigrant Seniors December, 2008 1 | P a g e Mobilizing for Action was written by Luis Alberto D’Elia, Project Coordinator with the Edmonton Seniors Coordinating Council (ESCC), with the exception of the 2008 Edmonton Cultural Profiles section which was written by community writers listed below. Assistance was provided by ESCC Executive Director Sheila Hallett and Communications Coordinator Rich Gossen. Funding for this project was granted by the New Horizons for Seniors Program and the City of Edmonton Community Services, 2008. The project was guided by a team of community partners: Yvonne Chiu of the Multicultural Health Brokers Cooperative Maureen Gross and Jill Chesley of Catholic Social Services Nasreen Omar of the University of Alberta Hospital Lucenia Ortiz of the Royal Alexandra Hospital Judy Sillito of the Edmonton Mennonite Centre for Newcomers Brenda Wong of Community Services, City of Edmonton 2008 Cultural Profile Writers: Irene Dormitorio, Judy Sachs, Zaw Moe, Mana Ali, Nasreen Omar, Mieun Kwak, Nhan Lu, Susana Runge, Firozeh Penhani, Sabah Tahir, Joseph Luri, Nora Abou‐ Absi, Serawit Dafla Cultural Profile Editors: Michael Tonderai Kariwo, Nasreen Omar and Rich Gossen Note: Much of the research on immigrant seniors has failed to recognize ethnicity or culture as relevant variables in understanding and addressing their needs. This review is based on the recognition that diversity is not only enriching but also it poses challenges, and these can be adequately addressed only if efforts are based on a thorough and respectful understanding of immigrant seniors’ cultural and ethnic identity. Attempts will be made to keep this information current on the ESCC website. Please visit www.seniorscouncil.net and view the issues tab on diversity. ‐ Project Coordinator Luis Alberto D’Elia 2 | P a g e Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 Demographics (World, Canada, Alberta and Edmonton) ........................................7 Marginalization of Immigrant Seniors ................................................................... 9 Immigrant seniors spoke out ...................................................................................10 What changes should service providers consider? ..................................................10 Issues for Seniors .................................................................................................. 12 City of Edmonton’s commitment to seniors ............................................................12 What puts a senior at risk? .......................................................................................13 Why do immigrant seniors face added risks? ..........................................................14 Provincial and Municipal Plans Impact Seniors ..................................................... 16 How Cultural Knowledge Can Help Service Providers ............................................ 16 Age discrimination and the importance of culture ..................................................17 Understanding immigrant categories ......................................................................18 Do service providers have a desire to be culturally competent?............................18 A checklist for service providers‐gauge your cultural competence .........................20 Profiling a culture ................................................................................................. 22 Calgary published Cultural Cues ...............................................................................22 Edmonton cultural profiles first developed in 2004 ................................................23 New categories added for Edmonton 2008 cultural profiles ...................................23 Edmonton 2008 Cultural Profiles ....................................................................... 26 3 | P a g e Cultural orientations‐putting the cultural profiles into context ...............................26 Glossary of Cross‐Cultural Terms ..............................................................................32 Profiles of Cultural Communities in Edmonton .........................................................63 Afghan .......................................................................................................................64 Arab ...........................................................................................................................73 Chinese ......................................................................................................................84 Eritrean ......................................................................................................................94 Eastern European ......................................................................................................108 Filipino .......................................................................................................................119 Iranian ........................................................................................................................131 Karen (Burma) ...........................................................................................................145 Korean .......................................................................................................................156 Latin American ...........................................................................................................177 Somali ........................................................................................................................203 South Asian ................................................................................................................211 Sudanese ...................................................................................................................235 Vietnamese ................................................................................................................248 Assumptions and Misconceptions ........................................................................... 256 Are seniors less happy then they were in their youth? .............................................256 Do seniors feel good? .................................................................................................256 Do younger people from diverse communities receive better service? ................................. 256 Going beyond helping immigrants to adapt to unfair conditions ..............................257 Understanding the senior as part of the whole cultural community ........................ 258 4 | P a g e How to Improve Services to Immigrant Seniors ...................................................... 259 Edmonton 2008 Roundtable Consultation‐Challenges Identified ............................ 261 Language barriers ....................................................................................................261 Lack of functionality in the Canadian system ..........................................................262 Family sponsorship/roles of seniors ........................................................................263 Financial difficulties .................................................................................................264 Personal difficulties ..................................................................................................264 Recommendations Emerging from the Edmonton 2008 Roundtable ....................... 265 Reaching out to isolated seniors ..............................................................................265 Participants describe how to make service more culturally responsive............................... 266 Participants describe what has worked for them ....................................................266 Immigrant seniors –their hopes and successes .......................................................267 Roundtable participants’ other recommendations .................................................268 Promising Practices ................................................................................................. 268 Rediscovering capacities for immigrant seniors ......................................................268 Culturally responsive health care ...........................................................................268 Personal one‐to‐one support ...................................................................................270 Community development in small groups ...............................................................270 Community organizing .............................................................................................270 Coalition building .....................................................................................................270 Political action ..........................................................................................................270 Enhancing social support .........................................................................................270 5 | P a g e Encouraging immigrant seniors to participate in policy formation .........................271 Local resources for translations, staff cultural sensitivity training .......................... 271 Canadian Education and Action .............................................................................. 273 Challenges to public education ..................................................................................273 Frequently raised concerns across Canada ................................................................274 Final Words ............................................................................................................. 275 References .............................................................................................................. 277 6 | P a g e Introduction “In Canada, two interesting demographic trends have been silently progressing: an aging population and a population growth based upon immigration. These patterns combine to form a new group of aging immigrants that seems to have evaded notice. For the most part, gerontological research has failed to recognize ethnicity or culture as a relevant variable and research on ethnicity has failed to recognize aging as a relevant variable.” (David Durst, 2005, p. 2) In recognition of the importance of immigrant and refugee seniors in Edmonton who enrich us with their diverse ethnicity, this review intends to summarize the current research literature, statistics, consultations, good practices, cultural and special issues relevant to immigrant and refugee seniors in the Edmonton area. Demographics (World, Canada, Alberta and Edmonton) Seniors are changing and shaping global demographics. “Population ageing and urbanization are two global trends that together comprise major forces shaping the 21st century. At the same time as cities are growing, their share of residents aged 60 years and more is increasing.” (World Health Organization, 2007, p. 1) “Today, immigration in Canada has a far‐reaching impact on the country's population growth. It was responsible for two‐thirds of our population growth in the intercensal period of 2001 and 2006. Due to the settlement pattern of the foreign‐born in the recent decades, the effect of immigration is mostly felt in Canada's largest urban centres and their surrounding municipalities.” (Statistics Canada, 2007b, p. 1) Immigrants are a significant group of people among seniors in Canada. More than 20 per cent of all foreign‐born are seniors, and this percentage is higher than the national average (14 per cent), according to a study based on Statistics Canada data (Durst, 2008).In 2001, some 29 per cent of individuals aged 65‐74 and 28 per cent of those aged 75 to 84 were immigrants, which means they were not born in Canada and/or did not have Canadian citizenship at birth (Turcotte and Schellenberg, 2006). In this same year, almost one‐quarter of immigrant seniors (23 per cent) belonged to a visible minority group, compared to only 0.8 per cent of Canadian‐ born seniors which represents a significant increase since 1981. In Alberta, there has been a steady increase of the population aged 65 years and over, from 9.9 per cent of the general provincial population in 1996 to 10.7 per cent in 2006 (Statistics Canada, 2007). Immigrant seniors in the province have followed the trend. According to Statistics Canada figures a relatively large share of immigrant seniors from Alberta (25.5 per 7 | P a g e cent) belong to a visible minority group, which is five times the percentage noted in 1981 (Turcotte and Schellenberg, 2006). More recent immigrants are much more likely to be visible minorities. Among immigrant seniors who landed in Canada in 1991 or later, 75.6 per cent belonged to a visible minority group. This was the case for only three per cent of immigrant seniors who came to Canada before 1961. The top 10 source countries of newcomers in 2007 are China, India, Philippines, United States, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Iran, Korea, France and Colombia (Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), 2007). Newly arrived seniors usually come under the family class category of immigration since they would most likely be sponsored by their children. In 2007 alone, a total of 236,758 newcomers made Canada their new homeland. By age, 15.6 per cent or 21,033 immigrants were aged 45 years and older and 6.7 per cent or 6,836 immigrants were parents and grandparents of permanent residents or Canadian citizens (CIC, 2007). The recent Federal Census of Canada indicates that the Edmonton Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) has the 6th largest share of immigrants in Canada. In 2006, 189,800 foreign‐born were living in the Edmonton CMA. This represented 36 per cent of all Albertans born outside of Canada. The foreign born population in Edmonton grew by 14.9 per cent between 2001 and 2006, outpacing the total growth of the CMA (10.6 per cent) and the national growth rate of the foreign‐born population (13.6 per cent). The majority of recent immigrants (92.6 per cent) resided in the city of Edmonton in 2006. Immigrants come to Edmonton for many reasons‐work, family and refuge. Of the 6,045 immigrants who landed in the city of Edmonton in 2006, four out of 10 entered the city through the economic class. Another 32 per cent of immigrants were sponsored by close family members and the remaining 14.4 per cent (874) were admitted for humanitarian reasons. Language ability is also cited as one of the most important aspects in immigrant settlement, affecting both social and labor market integration. Of concern is the number of seniors 56+ years who do not speak the official language. For seniors, lack of English may impact opportunities for social and recreational participation as well as creative intergenerational communication difficulties in their own families. In 2001, 4.5 per cent of Edmonton seniors age 75‐84 (or 1179 people) and 6.1 per cent of seniors aged 85 and over (or 507 people) were recently arrived immigrants who could speak neither English nor French. Immigration from Asia and Pacific continues to dominate immigration patterns in Edmonton, accounting for 60 per cent of all immigrants in Edmonton from 2002 to 2006. 8 | P a g e In 2001, Edmonton had the fifth highest proportion of visible minorities among census metropolitan areas, behind Vancouver, Toronto, Abbotsford and Calgary. Statistics Canada projections during 2001 and 2017, indicate that the number of visible minorities is projected to grow by 74 per cent. Edmonton’s visible minority population remains younger than the general population. Although the population is aging, in 2001, the median age of the visible minority population is approximately six years younger than the median age of the rest of the population. Sources: Statistics Canada (2006), City of Edmonton Corporate Environmental Scan (March, 2008) and Aging in Place‐A Neighbourhood Strategy‐City of Edmonton (2007). Marginalization of Immigrant Seniors A Government of Canada study shows that “a number of factors contribute to the marginalization of ethnic minority seniors. Barriers to health care and other services such as those stemming from language and cultural differences, discrimination and racism, or a lack of access to income sources, can lead to situations of isolation, dependency and poverty. Other factors such as being born in or outside Canada, the age at immigration and the number of years worked since immigration can also play significant roles in the degrees to which barriers exist.” (Government of Canada, NACA, 2005, p. 4) One important problem is that, according to Stewart, Spitzer, Orti, Khalema and Nsaliwa (2008), 18 per cent of immigrants are seniors, and they are more likely than other immigrants to suffer from chronic health conditions. Furthermore, these authors argue that additional challenges experienced by immigrant seniors have not been fully investigated. Immigrant seniors spoke out The results of participatory research on immigrant seniors by Edmonton agencies, supported by the Multicultural Health Brokers and the Edmonton Seniors Coordinating Council, were revealing, and a large number of agency partners got together to assess and address the findings. Discussions included more than 45 participants from community‐based immigrant and senior‐serving organizations who developed strategies “to improve immigrant seniors’ access to programs and services” (Action for Healthy Communities, Multicultural Health Brokers Co‐operative, Edmonton Seniors Coordinating Council and Seniors Association of Greater Edmonton, 2006, p. 1). Participants “learned about the needs and circumstances of immigrant and refugee seniors, mapped immigrant and senior serving organizations to the respective communities, and discussed 9 | P a g e strategies to address core issues facing those communities. Core issues identified through this study included: 1) language barriers, 2) complex health issues, 3) poverty and income insecurity, 4) social isolation, 5) lack of housing/homelessness, and 6) transportation issues. The language barrier was the most discussed issue at this meeting, as it was perceived to be a causal factor for many other concerns identified in the study.” (Ibid, p. 1) What changes should service providers consider? The question is whether support for immigrant seniors’ needs could be obtained for specific communities. The study by Stewart, et al (2008) found that some important practical support needs were not fulfilled for the Afro‐Caribbean, Chinese, Kurdish, Spanish, and Yugoslavian seniors interviewed. Moreover, the better life expected by these seniors did not materialise. When it came to employment opportunities, either employers felt that the immigrant seniors were too old to work or the immigrant seniors found that their credentials were not accepted. On health needs, the “immigrant seniors face additional impediments in accessing health facilities compared to mainstream seniors” (Khalema, presentation of research results at the May 15, 2008 Roundtable, Mobilizing for Action: Culturally Responsive Pathways for Isolated Immigrant Seniors, Edmonton, Alberta). Furthermore, Stewart, et al’s (2008) research shows that some of the immigrant seniors studied in Edmonton are homeless and depend on community organizations for basic human needs such as food and clothing. Similar to the findings of a number of other studies on immigrants, immigrant seniors identified the English language as the major barrier to communicating, seeking and accessing social support services. This finding coincides with one reported by the Multicultural Health Brokers (Edmonton Seniors Coordinating Council and Multicultural Health Brokers Co‐op, 2005) and discussed during the subsequent roundtable with immigrant seniors and their serving agencies (Edmonton Seniors Coordinating Council, 2008). To add to their isolation, a number of immigrant seniors have restricted mobility and rarely meet people outside their family to socialize (Stewart, et al, 2008). Most of these seniors’ challenges are aggravated by a lack of information about services and what some feel is an inequitable distribution of services amongst people of different cultural backgrounds. The Stewart et al study identifies additional challenges for immigrant seniors, including: • Social isolation and depleted social networks • Dealing with family ties or differences (e.g., abuse by children) • Lack of acceptance by people from other races (specifically in nursing homes) To these challenges, the study adds “personal barriers” (language barriers and cultural restrictions on the movement of women), “inaccessibility of programs” (poor information and language barriers), “hesitancy/fear to ask for services” due to language difficulties; reluctance to disclose family secrets (e.g. abuse); experiences of being victimized by the government in their country of origin; and systemic barriers such as government policies that prevent them 10 | P a g e
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