MOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS MOBILE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PRINCIPLES AND TRENDS Second Edition MadhavendraRichharia KnowledgeSpaceLtd.,UK Thiseditionfirstpublished2014 ©2014JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparing thisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsof thisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthe publishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpert assistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Richharia,M.(Madhavendra) Mobilesatellitecommunicationsprinciplesandtrends/M.Richharia.–Secondedition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-119-99886-0(cloth) 1.Artificialsatellitesintelecommunication.2.Mobilecommunicationsystems.I.Title. TK5104.R5282011 621.3841′56–dc23 2013031745 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9781119998860(Hardback) ePDF:9781118810064 oBook:9781118810170 epub:9781118810149 Typesetin10/12ptTimesLTStdbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2014 To my parents Contents Preface xv AbouttheAuthor xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 ScopeandOrganization 1 1.2 EvolutionofMobileTelecommunications 5 1.2.1 TerrestrialSystems 5 1.2.2 SatelliteSystems 8 1.3 SatelliteSystemArchitecture 13 1.3.1 RadioFrequencyEnvironment 15 1.3.2 Orbit 18 1.3.3 TolerableDelayinDataDelivery 20 1.3.4 Handover 20 1.3.5 MobilityManagement 20 1.3.6 PhysicalEnvironment 21 1.3.7 SatelliteAccess 21 1.3.8 SpectrumManagement 22 1.3.9 RadioLinkReliability 23 1.4 BusinessPlan 23 1.5 RegulatoryConsiderations 23 1.6 OperationalConsiderations 24 1.7 MobileSystems–AComparison 26 1.8 ExampleApplications 27 1.9 PracticalLimitations 27 1.10 RelatedSatelliteSystems 29 1.10.1 M-VSATSystems 29 1.10.2 SatelliteNavigationSystems 30 1.10.3 DirectBroadcaststoIndividualsandMobiles 30 viii Contents 1.11 Trends 31 1.11.1 General 31 1.11.2 Market 32 1.11.3 SystemArchitecture 32 1.11.4 Spectrum 33 1.11.5 Technology 33 Revision 34 References 35 2 SatelliteConstellations 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 SatelliteOrbits 38 2.2.1 OrbitalMechanicsBasics 38 2.2.2 SatelliteCoverage 56 2.2.3 SpaceEnvironment 57 2.2.4 EclipseonSatellites 58 2.2.5 TheSun’sInterference 61 2.2.6 DopplerEffect 61 2.2.7 OrbitalDebris 61 2.2.8 SummaryofOrbitalCharacteristics 68 2.3 SatelliteConstellations 69 2.3.1 ConsiderationsinConstellationDesign 72 2.3.2 PolarConstellations 73 2.3.3 InclinedOrbitConstellations 75 2.3.4 HybridConstellations 79 2.3.5 RegionalCoverage 79 2.3.6 ConstellationsforNon-Real-TimeSystems 80 2.3.7 UseofSpotBeams 80 2.3.8 AvailabilityConsiderationsforNon-GeostationarySatellites 80 Revision 85 References 86 3 RadioLink 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 SpectrumIssues 89 3.2.1 SpectrumSharingMethods 92 3.2.2 SpectrumForecastMethodology 98 3.3 PropagationCharacteristics 100 3.3.1 GeneralPropagationCharacteristics 101 3.3.2 LandMobileChannel 111 3.3.3 MaritimeChannel 146 3.3.4 AeronauticalChannel 153 3.3.5 SystemImplications 158 3.4 RadioLinkAnalysis 162 Revision 170 References 171