Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks Historyhasshownthatforecastingthefuturehasbecomeascience andperhapsevenanart. In:P.vanderDuiandR.Kok,Mindthegap–linkingforecastingwith decisionmaking.Telektronikk,December2004. Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks Techniques, Models and Tools for 4G Edited by Luís Correia Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • NewYork • Oxford Paris • SanDiego • SanFrancisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier LinacreHouse,JordanHill,OxfordOX28DP 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA Firstedition2006 Copyright©2006,LuísM.Correia.PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved ThisrightofLuísM.Correiatobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewith theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988 Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScienceandTechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford, UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333;e-mail:[email protected] alsocompleteyourrequestson-lineviatheElsevierhomepage(http://www.elsevier.com),byselecting ‘CustomerSupport’andthen‘ObtainingPermissions’ BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber: ISBN–13:978-0-12-369422-5 ISBN–10:0-12-369422-1 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://books.elsevier.com TypesetbyCephaImaging,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritain 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xi Listofcontributorsandeditors xiii Listofacronyms xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Trendsandevolution1 1 1.2 Scopeofthebook 3 2 Transmissiontechniques 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 OFDMsystems 7 2.2.1 Introduction 7 2.2.2 OFDM:averydynamicsignal 9 2.2.3 EnhancingOFDMsystems 15 2.3 CDMAsystems 21 2.3.1 Introduction 21 2.3.2 WidebandCDMA 23 2.3.3 TimedivisionCDMA 25 2.3.4 MulticarrierCDMA 28 References 29 3 Signalprocessing 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Modulationandcoding 37 3.2.1 Advancedcodingandmodulationissues 38 3.2.2 Ultrawidebandwidth 41 3.2.3 Systemperformanceevaluation 43 3.2.4 Implementationissues 45 3.3 Equalisation 51 3.3.1 Introduction 51 3.3.2 Transmissionmodel 52 3.3.3 Pre-equalisation 53 3.3.4 SISOequalisation 57 3.3.5 MIMOequalisation 59 3.4 Synchronisationandchannelstateestimation 65 3.4.1 Iterativetechnique 66 3.4.2 Channelstateestimationandprediction 72 3.4.3 Performanceevaluationandfundamentallimits 75 3.4.4 Sequencesynchronisationtechnique 77 v vi Contents 3.5 Multi-usersystemsandmulti-userdetection 79 3.5.1 Multi-userMIMOtransmission 80 3.5.2 Multi-userdetectorsforDS-CDMA 82 3.5.3 Multi-userdetectionforMC-CDMAwithspatialdiversity 88 3.6 Linkadaptationandrate-adaptivesystems 90 3.6.1 Introductiontolinkadaptation 90 3.6.2 Impactofimperfectchannelstateinformation 92 3.6.3 LinkadaptationinMIMOsystems 94 3.6.4 LinkadaptationinOFDMsystems 102 3.6.5 Linkadaptationincurrentandupcomingwirelessstandards 104 References 107 4 Propagationmodellingandchannelcharacterisation 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 EMtheoryanddiffusescattering 120 4.2.1 Integralmethods 120 4.2.2 Differentialequationmethods 124 4.2.3 Raymethods 127 4.3 Deterministicpropagationmodelling 129 4.3.1 Introduction 129 4.3.2 Inputdatabaseissues 130 4.3.3 Electromagneticmodels 134 4.3.4 Raymodels 136 4.3.5 Advancedtechniquesforraymodels 139 4.3.6 Applicationsofraymodels 146 4.3.7 Simplifiedorhybridmodels 152 4.4 Channelmeasurementsandparameterestimation 157 4.4.1 Measurementscenarios 157 4.4.2 Channelsoundingtechniques 158 4.4.3 Parameterestimation 160 4.4.4 Deviceperformanceandreliabilityofchannelstructureestimates 165 4.5 Channelcharacterisation 167 4.5.1 Introduction 167 4.5.2 Statisticalprocessingofmeasurements 168 4.5.3 Pathlossandbuildingpenetration 169 4.5.4 Long-termfading 176 4.5.5 Narrowbandshort-termfading 178 4.5.6 Widebandshort-termfading 181 4.5.7 Temporalandangulardispersion 186 4.5.8 Fadingprediction 198 References 202 5 Antennasanddiversity:fromnarrowbandtoultrawideband 218 5.1 Introduction 218 5.2 Antennaperformanceassessmentofmobilehandsets 219 5.2.1 Introduction 219 5.2.2 Figuresofmerit 220 5.2.3 Measurementmethods 222 5.2.4 Factorsinfluencingthemeasurementaccuracy 226 5.2.5 Figureofmeritcomparisons 246 5.2.6 Handsetdesignaspects 248 Contents vii 5.3 Diversitytechniques 253 5.3.1 Introduction:diversity,anoldconceptwithrenewedinterest 253 5.3.2 Diversityonreceivers 254 5.3.3 DiversityinthecontextofMIMOtechniques 259 5.4 UltraWideBand 263 5.4.1 Introduction 263 5.4.2 Radiochannelmeasurements 264 5.4.3 Radiochannelmodels 268 5.4.4 Antennaaspects 269 References 270 6 MIMOchannelmodelling 277 6.1 Introduction 277 6.2 Scenarios 279 6.2.1 Introduction 279 6.2.2 Concept 280 6.2.3 Indoorscenarios 281 6.2.4 Outdoorscenarios 283 6.3 PhysicallymotivatedMIMOchannelmodellingandsimulation 287 6.3.1 Introduction 287 6.3.2 Radiochannelmodelling 288 6.3.3 Simulation 296 6.3.4 MIMOhardwarechannelemulators 300 6.4 Antennaconfigurations 302 6.4.1 QualitymeasuresforMIMOantennas 303 6.4.2 Powerconsiderations 308 6.4.3 IntegrationofMIMOantennasintohandsets 310 6.4.4 Summaryandfuturetopics 314 6.5 AnalyticalMultiple-InputMultiple-Out(MIMO)channelmodels 315 6.5.1 Correlation-basedmodels 315 6.5.2 Coupling-basedmodels 317 6.5.3 Comparingcorrelationmatrices 319 6.5.4 ModelperformancecomparisonforRayleighchannels 319 6.5.5 PracticaluseofanalyticalMIMOchannelmodels 325 6.6 Multi-antennaradiomeasurementsandresults 326 6.6.1 Introduction 326 6.6.2 Directionalmulti-antennameasurements 326 6.6.3 MIMOmeasurementsofcombinedchannelandantennaresponses 339 6.7 Modelvalidationandrelatedmetrics 348 6.7.1 Introduction 348 6.7.2 Aboutexperimentalvalidation 349 6.7.3 Metricsformultiplexinggain 350 6.7.4 Multipathrichnessandmultipathstructure 355 6.7.5 Spatialcorrelation 359 6.7.6 AmetricforMIMOchanneldiversity 361 6.7.7 Ametricforbeamforming 362 6.7.8 Miscellaneous 363 6.8 TheCOST273MIMOchannelmodel 364 6.8.1 Introduction 364 6.8.2 Consideredenvironments 364 viii Contents 6.8.3 Genericchannelmodel 366 6.8.4 Parametervaluesinthedifferentenvironments 378 References 384 7 MIMOsystems 398 7.1 Introduction 398 7.2 Information-theoreticaspects 399 7.2.1 CapacityofsinglelinkMIMOsystems 399 7.2.2 Capacityofmulti-userMIMOsystems 401 7.2.3 CapacityofMIMOsystemswithrelays 402 7.3 Arrayprocessingandbeamforming 402 7.3.1 Antennaselection 403 7.3.2 Beamforming 403 7.3.3 Uplinkarrayprocessing 403 7.3.4 Downlinkarrayprocessing 405 7.3.5 Channelestimation 407 7.3.6 Time-varyingchannels 409 7.3.7 Applicationsofarrayprocessing 410 7.3.8 Eigenbeamforming 412 7.4 MIMOtransmissiontechniques 417 7.4.1 Introduction 417 7.4.2 Space-timetransmitterdesign 417 7.4.3 Space-timereceiverdesign 420 7.4.4 Space-timetransceiverperformance 424 7.4.5 Real-valuednotationanditsapplications 428 7.4.6 Distributedandcooperativespace-timesystems 431 7.5 NetworkAspects 432 7.5.1 CapacityofMIMOsystems 433 7.5.2 MultihopMIMOarchitectures 435 References 436 8 Radionetworkaspects 443 8.1 Introduction 443 8.2 MORANS 444 8.2.1 GoalsoftheMORANSinitiative 444 8.2.2 Structureofthereferencemodel 444 8.2.3 DatamodelforascenarioandXMLschema 452 8.2.4 RRMparameters 454 8.2.5 Resultsandexamplesofusability 454 8.3 Techniquesforradionetworkoptimisation 460 8.3.1 Resourceallocationandpacketschedulingtechniquesinwirelesscellularsystems 460 8.3.2 JointlinkandnetworkoptimisationwithMIMOsystems 462 8.4 Methodologiesforperformanceevaluationofradionetworks 467 8.4.1 Theoreticalconnectivityresults 467 8.4.2 Someapplications 469 8.4.3 Markovchainmodelsforprotocols 471 8.4.4 RadioResourceManagementandmobilitymodels 472 8.5 Servicesandtrafficmodelling 473 8.5.1 Mobileservices 473 8.5.2 Trafficsourcemodelling 474