Mistakes to Avoid when Discussing Divorce and Remarriage† Aldersgate Forum October 22, 2008 A. Philip Brown II 1 The primary purpose of this paper is to establish some biblical boundaries for dealing with this subject.2 A secondary purpose is to argue against two positions on the subject of divorce and remarriage that appear to have become common primarily within conservative holiness circles: 1) that remarriage after a divorce is actually living in a state of continual adultery, and 2) that it is God’s will for people who get saved, after having been divorced and remarried, to divorce their second spouse and return to their first spouse. Any attempt to determine what the Bible teaches about divorce and remarriage must factor certain key passages into its conclusions. If these passages are ignored, an unbalanced viewpoint is inevitable. Whatever view one decides to hold on this highly debated subject, he must not violate the principles taught by these passages.3 Genesis 2:18-25 - God’s plan for marriage Genesis 2:18 Then the LORD God said, “It is not good for the man to be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him.” 19 Out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called a living creature, that was its name. 20 The man gave names to all the cattle, and to the birds of the sky, and to every beast of the field, but for Adam there was not † This is a revision of the paper presented at the Aldersgate Forum, October 22, 2008. Thanks to Stephen Smith and the other members of the Forum whose input helped improve this paper. 1 This paper has been a collaborative effort. I wish to thank my father, Dr. Allan Brown, for his input into the process. However, all views reflected in this paper are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of my father, the Bible faculty at GBS, or its administration. 2 Please note that this paper does not attempt to address all the questions relevant to this highly controverted topic. The paper’s goal is to establish some boundaries outside of which one’s interpretation is illegitimate. 3 If you wish to pursue the history of the various views of divorce and remarriage, a good place to start is “The Problem of Divorce” by David J. MacLeod, Emmaus Journal, Vols. 1‐3 (Summer, 1992, 1993, 1994), MacLeod cites most of the major works that wrestle with this highly debated subject. See also David L. Snuth, “Divorce And Remarriage From The Early Church To John Wesley,” Trinity Journal 11.2 (1990), 131‐42. 1 found a helper suitable for him. 21 So the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then He took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh at that place. 22 The LORD God fashioned into a woman the rib which He had taken from the man, and brought her to the man. 23 The man said, “This is now bone of my bones, And flesh of my flesh; She shall be called Woman, Because she was taken out of Man.” 24 For this reason a man shall leave his father and his mother, and be joined to his wife; and they shall become one flesh. 25 And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. (NASB)4 God instituted marriage at the beginning of human history as the foundation of human society. Marriage is a covenant relationship between a male and a female.5 It is the closest, most intimate of all human relationships and as such is designed to reflect important aspects of both the inner workings of the triune nature of God as well as Christ’s relationship to his church. In marriage two people so interpenetrate one another’s lives that they become one—a functioning unit.6 Marriage is not an institution designed solely to propagate the human race. While God has ordained that sexual union is to occur only within marriage, sexual union is not the fundamental feature of marriage. A sexual union does not constitute a marriage union.7 Further, one can be married and be physically incapable of having a sexual relationship. Scripture does not assign or forbid the right to enact marriage covenants to either the church or the state. Therefore, neither are scripturally necessary for a marriage covenant to be enacted. Marriage is a covenantal union created by God between a man and a woman when they 1) purpose to be married; 2) and comply with the cultural requirements that their society has established as necessary for a legal marriage. Once these two requirements are met, a marriage has begun. The consummation of the physical union is the physical act of sexual intercourse. If, however, a person is not physically capable of sexual intercourse, and his or her intended spouse knows this and still wishes to get married, physical incapacity does not disqualify from marriage. Normally, however, married people are not to live as though they are single (i.e., by one partner failing to participate in the normal married sexual relationship – see 1 Cor. 7:1‐6). Homosexual relationships cannot constitute valid marriages. The Bible is clear that a valid marriage involves a man and a woman (Matt. 19:4‐6). Scripture condemns homosexuality as pagan and perverse behavior (Lev. 18:22; 20:13; Rom. 1:27; 1 Cor. 6:9). 4 The New American Standard Bible (1995) is used throughout this paper. 5 See Gordon P. Hugenberger, Marriage as a Covenant: Biblical Law and Ethics as Developed from Malachi (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998). 6 Marriage does not, however, create a relationship of consanguinity. See William A. Heth, “Jesus on Divorce: How My Mind Has Changed,” Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 6 (2002): 4‐23. 7 See discussion of Exodus 22:16‐17 below. 2 Mistake to avoid: 1. the belief that Scripture requires the affirmation of the church or the state for a marriage covenant to be valid. 2. the belief that continence within marriage, i.e., abstaining from sexual relations, is virtuous. Malachi 2:13-16 — The concept of divorce Malachi 2:13 “This is another thing you do: you cover the altar of the LORD with tears, with weeping and with groaning, because He no longer regards the offering or accepts it with favor from your hand. 14 “Yet you say, ‘For what reason?’ Because the LORD has been a witness between you and the wife of your youth, against whom you have dealt treacherously, though she is your companion and your wife by covenant. 15 “But not one has done so who has a remnant of the Spirit. And what did that one do while he was seeking a godly offspring? Take heed then to your spirit, and let no one deal treacherously against the wife of your youth. 16 “For I hate divorce,” says the LORD, the God of Israel, “and him who covers his garment with wrong,” says the LORD of hosts. “So take heed to your spirit, that you do not deal treacherously.” The difficulty of the Hebrew text (MT) of Malachi 2:16a is invisible to the reader of most English versions.8 Since nearly all modern English versions translate this verse with “For I hate divorce, says the Lord, the God of Israel …,” it is understandable that few outside scholarly circles are aware of its obscurity. A. What does the Hebrew say? The following interlinear uses English word order. yKi( anEåf' xL;ªv; rm;Ûa' ‘hw"hy> if/when/for/ he hates/ to send away/ says Yahweh because/that hated/ sending away/ one hating send away! (impv) yheäl{a/ laeêr"f.yI hS'Ûkiw> ‘sm'x' -l[; AvêWbl. the God of Israel and/then he/it violence upon his covers/covered garment 8 The two resources I found most helpful in getting a handle on the complexities of Malachi 2:16 were E. Ray Clendenen, Haggai, Malachi in The New American Commentary (Broadman & Holman, 2004), 357‐371, and C. John Collins, “Malachi 2:16 Again,” at http://www.esv.org/assets/pdfs/malachi.2.16. collins.pdf. Accessed 10/11/2008. 3 rm;Þa' hw"åhy> tAa+b'c. says Yahweh of Hosts 1. Some commentators infer from the choppy nature of the Hebrew text that it has been deliberately tampered with by scribes to bring it into line with the standard Jewish understanding that divorce, while circumscribed, was permitted in certain cases.9 2. This conclusion, however, flies in the face of all the evidence we have about the care with which the scribes did their copying work and therefore appears to be unlikely. B. What do ancient translations say? 1. Septuagint (LXX) a a. ABQV: “But if, having hated, you divorce …” ἀλλὰ ἐὰν μισήσας ἐξαποστείλῃς b. L: “But if having hated, divorce!” …” ἀλλὰ ἐὰν μισήσας ἐξαπόστειλον c. W: “But if you hate, divorce!” ἀλλὰ ἐὰν μισήσῃς ἐξαπόστειλον 2. Targum: “But if you hate her, divorce her, says the Lord God of Israel, and do not conceal sin in your garment” 3. Qumran: 4QXIIa can be translated either “But if you hate (her), divorce” or “If hating her, he divorces” but the former is more likely. (NAC, 363) 4. Vulgate: “When/if you hate her, put her away” cum odio habueris, dimitte. 5. Conclusion: Not one ancient translation of Malachi 2:16 directly reflects the Hebrew text as we have it preserved in the MT, and none of them translate it “I hate divorce” or as the KJV, “the Lord … saith that he hateth putting away.”10 C. How did Luther and Calvin translate the phrase? 1. Luther (1545): Indeed, he who bears her ill will and repudiates her, says the LORD, the God of Israel …11 2. Calvin: If you hate (anyone hates), let him divorce (his wife), says Jehovah, the God of Israel …12 9 For example, Rex Mason, The Book of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, in Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the Old Testament, 150. Joyce Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, TOTC, 241. 10 The unanimity of the ancient versions in translating with a second person raises the question if they reflect a proto‐Masoretic tradition that differs from the Masoretic stream we have received. There is very little known about proto‐Masoretic Hebrew texts, but there is enough evidence from the LXX and Qumran that most Hebrew textual critics posit divergent textual traditions prior to the dominance of the MT. For example, see Emanuel Tov’s discussion in Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (Uitgeverij Van Gorcum, 2001), 22‐38. For a plausible alternative explanation of the second person verbs used in ancient translations, see Collins, “Malachi 2:16 Again,” 3, ftnt 3. 11 Wer ihr aber gram ist und verstößt sie, spricht der HERR, der Gott Israels. 12 So Collins, “Malachi 2:16 Again.” 4 D. How did Jewish exegetes translate the phrase?13 1. The Talmud b. Git. 90b reads: “R. Judah says: ‘if you hate her—divorce her.’ R. Yohanan says: ‘One who divorces is hated.’” 2. R. Abraham Ibn Ezra (1092/3–1167 A.D.): “God hates that one should divorce his pure wife.” 3. R. David Kimchi (1160–1235 A.D.): “If one of you hates his wife he should send her away” 4. Conclusion: In the post‐Christian era (Talmud) and in medieval Jewish scholarship, both the view taken by the Targums and other ancient translations and the view later introduced by the KJV find support. E. What is the history of the translation of this phrase in English? 1. Early English versions follow the rendering of the Vulgate and/or Septuagint (LXX): “if/when you hate (her), put her way.” Examples include Wycliffe Bible (1395), Coverdale Bible (1535), Bishop’s Bible (1568), and the Geneva Bible (1587). 2. The KJV 1611 broke with the traditional rendering and rearranged the syntax of the verse: “For the LORD, the God of Israel, saith that he hateth putting away:”14 yKi This translation involves translating the first word of the verse twice: “for” and “that” 3. English Revised Version of KJV in 1885 appears to have been the first to translate it “I hate putting away [=divorce].” It has since been followed by Darby Bible (1890), ASV (1901), Jewish Publication Society OT (JPS; 1917), RSV (1952), NIV (1973), NASB (1977, 1995), NKJV, NRSV, NAB, NLT, NJB, CJB, NET, NCV, TNK, TNIV. 4. Modern versions that break with the KJV tradition to follow the Hebrew text more closely include the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2003) and English Standard Version (2004) a. HCSB: “If he hates and divorces his wife,” says the LORD God of Israel, “he covers his garment with injustice,” says the LORD of Hosts. b. ESV: “For the man who does not love his wife but divorces her, says the LORD, the God of Israel, covers his garment with violence, says the LORD of hosts. F. How do modern versions come up with “I hate divorce?” anEf' ytianEf' anEf.a, 1. Some emend the Hebrew consonantal text from (he hates) to or (I hate). 13 Material taken from Gerson Brin, “Divorce at Qumran,” in Legal Texts and Legal Issues: Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies, Cambridge, 1995 : Published in Honour of Joseph M. Baumgarten (Brill, 1995), p. 235. 14 C. J. Collins also notes that the KJV was an innovation in the history of translating this passage. See his comments in “Malachi 2:16 Again,” page 6. It should be noted that the KJV did place the traditional reading in its marginal notes. 5 anEf' anEf{ 2. Some emend the Hebrew vowel pointing from (he hates) to (one who hates). anEf' anEf{ 3. Some argue that is an alternate form of the participial form by alem' appealing to Jer. 23:24 where must be read as a participle. In addition, these argue that the pronominal subject “I” has dropped out of the text or should be understood as implicit.15 The problems with this approach are, first, that all other anf anEf{ participial forms of are spelled normally as (Deut. 4:42; 19:4, 6, 11; Jos. 20:5; Prov. 11:15; 12:1; Isa. 61:8).16 Second, there is not a shred of textual evidence ykna that the text ever read “I” [ ], and instances where a pronominal subject of a participle is implicit are rare. G. Conclusion 1. Malachi 2:16 had relatively consistent history of interpretation prior to the advent of the KJV—the one exception being the divergent Jewish interpretive traditions. Since 1611, the interpretation of the KJV has so dominated translations that one would hardly know it is a novelty in the history of interpretation. 2. The reading of the KJV and its modern English followers is theoretically possible.17 However, in my judgment the historical, grammatical, and contextual evidence weighs against it. Historically, no ancient version support it. Grammatically, it is the composite result of a series of grammatically possible but improbable decisions.18 Contextually, it unnaturally makes the Lord the subject of the verb “hates” in the first clause but supplies a different subject (“one”) for the verb “covers” in the second clause in the verse. 3. The more probable reading of the text is along the lines of the following: “If he hates [so as] to send away [his wife], says Yahweh the God of Israel, then he covers his garment with violence, says Yahweh of Armies.” The referent for “he” is the unjust Judean being discussed previously who has divorced his wife for an idolatrous woman (Mal. 2:11).19 15 Cf. GKC §116s. 16 By way of contrast, alm has no regular qal participial form. alme ' in Jer. 23:24 is the only qal participial form of alm that occurs in the OT. 17 Keil & Delitzsch, ad loc.; W. C. Kaiser, “Divorce in Malachi 2:16,” Criswell Theological Review 2 [1987], W. Rudolph, “Zu Mal 2,10‐16,” ZAW 93 [1981]; Karl William Weyde, Prophecy and Teaching: Prophetic Authority, Form Problems, and the Use of Traditions in the Book of Malachi (Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 269‐70. Neither Wesley nor Clarke comment on the passage’s difficulties and appear to follow the KJV. 18 See Clendenen, NAC, or Collins, “Malachi 2:16 Again” for the technical grammatical details. 19 For defenders of this reading of Mal. 2:16 see, Hugenberger, Marriage as a Covenant, 49‐83; Thomas E. McComiskey, ed., The Minor Prophets: An Exegetical and Expository Commentary, vol. 3: Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992), 1339‐1344; David Instone‐Brewer, Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible: The Social and Literary Context (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 54‐58; E. Ray Clendenen, Haggai, Malachi in The New American Commentary (Broadman & Holman, 2004), 357‐ 371; C. John Collins, “Malachi 2:16 Again,” at http://www.esv.org/assets/pdfs/malachi.2.16. collins.pdf, and M. A. Shields, “Syncretism and Divorce in Malachi 2, 10–16,” ZAW 111 (1999): 81‐85. 6 Malachi 2:14‐16 teaches us that God regards wrongful divorce as a sin of treachery against one’s wife and against Himself. Although God hates wrongful divorce, He neither hates all divorces in the same way nor hates every aspect of divorce. He hates what occasions every divorce. He hates the results that often flow to children and to the injured parties of divorce. And God hates divorces wrongly obtained on grounds that He has not permitted. Jesus’ comments on divorce reinforce this conclusion. He specifically recognized it as constituting a change from God’s original plan: “but from the beginning it was not so,” and then it was only because of hardness of heart that the Holy Spirit through Moses allowed divorce (Mat. 19:8).20 Mistake to avoid: 3. the belief that divorce is a basic “right” that an unhappily married person may use to escape from an unpleasant situation. God regards wrongful divorce as treachery. Be careful how you counsel other people. Don’t advise a person to do what God hates (Mal. 2:14‐16). Jeremiah 3:1-8, 12-13 - God divorced Israel yet continues His appeal Jeremiah 3:1 God says, “If a husband divorces his wife And she goes from him And belongs to another man, Will he still return to her? Will not that land be completely polluted? But you are a harlot with many lovers; Yet you turn to Me,” declares the LORD. 2 “Lift up your eyes to the bare heights and see; Where have you not been violated? By the roads you have sat for them Like an Arab in the desert, And you have polluted a land With your harlotry and with your wickedness. 3 “Therefore the showers have been withheld, And there has been no spring rain. Yet you had a harlot’s forehead; You refused to be ashamed. 4 “Have you not just now called to Me, ‘My Father, You are the friend of my youth? 5 ‘Will He be angry forever? Will He be indignant to the end?’ Behold, you have spoken And have done evil things, And you have had your way.” 6 Then the LORD said to me in the days of Josiah the king, “Have you seen what faithless Israel did? She went up on every high hill and under every green tree, and she was a harlot there. 7 “I thought, ‘After she has done all these things she will return to Me’; but she did not return, and her treacherous sister Judah saw it. 8 “And I saw that for all the adulteries of faithless Israel, I had 20 Instone‐Brewer, Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible, 146, argues that the phrase “hardness of heart” refers not to hard‐hearted husbands who wanted to divorce their wives, but to hard‐hearted adulterous wives who were unwilling to repent. This sense yields the conclusion that Moses permitted Israelite men to divorce wives who were unrepentant adulterers rather than prosecute their adultery and seek capital punishment. This interpretation fails because it ignores the continuity of pronominal reference in Matt. 19:8, “because of the hardness of your hearts Moses permitted you to divorce your wives.” The hard‐heartedness contextually must be the husbands’. 7 sent her away and given her a writ of divorce, yet her treacherous sister Judah did not fear; but she went and was a harlot also. In the first verse of this passage, God refers to Moses’ prohibition of a woman returning to her first husband after she has married a second time (Deut. 24:1‐4). The rhetorical question, “Will not that land be completely polluted,” highlights the essential reason why God forbad such a remarriage: it involved the couple and their land in pollution. God’s next question uses Deut. 24:1‐4 as illustration to highlight the unfaithfulness of Judah. If being with a second man (in marriage) renders a woman polluted in relation to her first husband, how much more does being with many men (in harlotry) render a wife polluted in relation to her husband. Clearly there is a similarity in the pollution incurred through remarriage and through harlotry. However, there is a significant difference! That difference is that harlotry, while immoral, does not involve a second marriage. If harlotry did involve a second marriage, then God would be guilty of violating His own law if he took Judah back after her many adulteries. Indeed, Hosea would have been guilty of polluting the land for taking back Gomer. But that is not the case. Although both harlotry and remarriage involve pollution and the pollution of harlotry is much greater than that of remarriage, nonetheless it is only when remarriage is involved that God forbids the restoration of the first marriage. In vv. 6‐8, God uses North Israel’s unfaithfulness to her marriage relationship with God as an example to Judah. God was patient for over two hundred years (931‐722 BC) and did everything possible, short of violating her grace‐enabled ability to rebel, to get Israel to repent and to return to Him (Jer. 3:7). God finally divorced Israel on the basis of her persistent adultery (Jer. 3:8). He gave her a written bill of divorce (cf. Deut. 24:1‐4) and sent her away.21 The God who cannot sin divorced His wife. Since God cannot do wrong, divorce cannot be inherently sinful; otherwise God would have sinned in divorcing Israel. Although this divorce occurred as a result of sin, the divorce itself was not sinful. God’s action teaches us that repeated adultery is grounds for righteous divorce. Following His statement that He had divorced and sent Israel away for all her adulteries, Yahweh sends Jeremiah to offer reconciliation to his ex‐wife: 21 J. A. Thompson, The Book of Jeremiah, in NICOT (Eerdmans, 1980), 195‐96, correctly connects Yahweh’s divorce of Israel with the conquest of Samaria by Assyria in 722/1 BC. 8 12 “Go and proclaim these words toward the north and say, ‘Return, faithless Israel,’ declares the LORD; ‘I will not look upon you in anger. For I am gracious,’ declares the LORD; ‘I will not be angry forever. 13 ‘Only acknowledge your iniquity, That you have transgressed against the LORD your God And have scattered your favors to the strangers under every green tree, And you have not obeyed My voice,’ declares the LORD. Not only did God endure Israel’s perpetual adulteries for 200 years, but after divorcing her He continued to seek reconciliation. Because God is gracious, He longs to put away His anger and be restored to His loved one, Israel. The condition for such reconciliation was acknowledgement of sin and turning from it to obedience to His voice. Mistakes to avoid: 4. the belief that divorce is always wrong. However, if one claims the right to divorce following the divine model (because of marital infidelity), divorce should be enacted only after an aggressive effort to restore the broken relationship, just as God aggressively sought to restore Israel to Himself. Even after divorce, God models a desire for reconciliation if the adulterous spouse truly repents. 5. the belief that adultery requires divorce. Deuteronomy 24:1-4 - The regulation of divorce NAU Deuteronomy 24:1 “When a man takes a wife and marries her, and it happens that she finds no favor in his eyes because he has found some indecency in her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out from his house, 2 and she leaves his house and goes and becomes another man’s wife, 3 and if the latter husband turns against her and writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out of his house, or if the latter husband dies who took her to be his wife, 4 then her former husband who sent her away is not allowed to take her again to be his wife, since she has been defiled; for that is an abomination before the LORD, and you shall not bring sin on the land which the LORD your God gives you as an inheritance.22 22 For discussions of this key text see, R. Yaron, “The Restoration of Marriage,” Journal of Jewish Studies 17 (1966): 1‐11; T. R. Hobbes, “Jeremiah 3, 1–5 and Deuteronomy 24, 1–4.” ZAW 86 (1974): 23–29; Gordon J. Wenham, “The Restoration of Marriage Reconsidered,” Journal of Jewish Studies 30 (1979): 36‐40; Raymond Westbrook, “The Prohibition on Restoration of Marriage in Deut 24:1–4, “ in Studies in the Bible: 1986, ed. S. Japhet, Scripta Hierosolymitana 31 (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1986); J. Carl Laney, “Deuteronomy 24:1‐4 and the Issue of Divorce.” Bibliotheca Sacra 149 (Jan‐Mar. 1992): 3‐15; Joe M. Sprinkle, “Old Testament Perspectives On Divorce And Remarriage,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 40.4 (1997): 529‐550; David Instone‐Brewer, “Deuteronomy 24:1‐4 and the Origin of the Jewish Divorce Certificate,” Journal of Jewish Studies 49 (1998): 23‐43. 9 No one knows how and when divorce began. Although divorce is recognized and regulated in the Bible, unlike marriage, it was not instituted by God. It is a human innovation and is the result of sin. When God inspired Moses to write Deuteronomy, divorce was already common among the heathen nations and evidently was becoming common in Israel. God imposed restrictions on divorce in order to prevent divorce from being treated lightly or entered into hastily. Deuteronomy 24:1‐4 is “case law.” In case law, generally, a legal situation or case is first described, and then a ruling is given regarding how to handle the specific case. The first key issue in interpreting this law is the clause “then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house” (24:1b). The KJV translators understood the phrase as a command. Two considerations argue that this interpretation is incorrect. First, Jesus asserted that Moses permitted divorce, implicitly contradicting the Pharisees’ claim that Moses commanded divorce (Matt. 19:7‐8). Therefore, this clause should not be read as a command. Second, the syntax of the clause most naturally reads either as a statement of permission (“then he may write her a bill of divorcement) 23 or as a continued description of the case as in the NASB (“and he writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her away …”). Commentators and modern translators are virtually unanimous in understanding the syntax of this passage to involve only one rather extended case (vv. 1‐3 = protasis) with the ruling given in verse four (v. 4 = apodosis).24 Given this understanding, the main point of this passage is to prohibit a man from remarrying his divorced wife after she has remarried and her second husband has divorced her or has died.25 23 For an argument for this reading, see Andrew Warren, “Did Moses Permit Divorce? Modal wěqātal as Key to New Testament Readings of Deuteronomy 24:1‐4” Tyndale Bulletin 49.1 (1998): 39‐56. Interestingly, the Holman Christian Standard Bible appears to follow Warren’s reading. Raju Kunjummen argues well against Warren’s analysis in his, “The Syntax of Conditionals in Deuteronomy and the Translation of wqatal (Consecutive Perfects)” unpublished SBL paper. <http://www.biblicallaw.net/2008/ kunjummen.pdf> Accessed 1/2/2009. 24 See, for example, J. G. McConville, Deuteronomy, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2002), 357‐358, P. C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, NICOT (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), 304‐306; C. F. Keil, The Book of Deuteronomy, ad loc. Eugene H. Merrill, Deuteronomy, The New American Commentary, v. 4 (Nashville: Broadman, 1994), 316‐17; S. R. Driver, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy, ICC (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1902), 269‐70; Duane L. Christensen, Deuteronomy 21:10‐34:12, vol. 6b, Word Biblical Commentary (Thomas Nelson, 2002), 558. Translations that read the text this way include the NASB, NKJV, NIV, ESV, and NLT. 25 Westbrook, “The Prohibition on Restoration of Marriage in Deut 24:1–4,” and Instone‐Brewer, “Deuteronomy 24:1‐4 and the Origin of the Jewish Divorce Certificate,” have demonstrated that this law’s main point could be to prohibit a husband from profiting financially from a former wife’s financial windfall through a “hate” divorce or the death of her second husband. However, in my judgment there are two reasons why their conclusion is inadequate: 1) the text itself makes no mention of financial issues, 10
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