THE APOSTLE PAUL’S MISSIONARY TRAVEL COMPANIONS 1. AQUILLA 11. PRISCILLA 2. ARISTARCHUS 12. SECUNDUS 3. BARNABAS 13. SILAS 4. EPAPHRAS 14. SOPATER 5. GAIUS 15. TERTIUS 6. JUSTUS 16. TIMOTHY 7. LUKE 17. TITUS 8. MARCUS 18. TROPHIMUS 9. ONESIMUS 19. TYCHICUS 10. PHILEMON CO-WORKERS & FELLOWPRISONERS & SUPPORTERS 1. ANDONICHUS 9. LYDIA 2. APPHIA 10. JASON 3. ARCHIPPUS 11. JUNIA 4. CARPUS 12. NYMPHUS 5. DEMUS 13. ONESIPHORUS 6. EPAPHRODITUS 14. PHEBE 7. ERASTUS 15. TYRANNUS 8. LUCIUS 16. URBANE 1 PAUL’S TRAVEL COMPANIONS The Roman epistle names eight of Paul’s companions, while the Acts lists only seven. The name of Timothy and Titus are prominent in both Acts and Paul’s letters, while Trophimus, Aristarchus, and Tychicus appear in letters that Paul later wrote while in prison. It appears that these three companions later ended up in prison with him in Rome. There are two names in Acts that appear nowhere else in the New Testament: Secundus and Sopater. These men followed the apostle Paul and were of great help to him. Like them we can cherish the apostle’s doctrine, walking in the good of it, in dependence and obedience before God. The Apostle Paul’s doctrine focused on: • Justification – Acts 13:38, 39; Rom. 5 • The Rapture - 1 Cor. 15; Thess. 4; Php. 3 • The Lord’s Supper – 1 Cor. 11 • The One Body- 1 Cor. 10; 12; Eph. 4 • The Lord’s Table – 1 Cor. 10 The Life of the Apostle Paul could be summarized as follows: • Paul’s early life prior to conversion • Arrest in Jerusalem (58 A.D.) • The Conversion of Paul and time in Arabia • Imprisonment in Caesarea (58-60 A.D.) • Early years of service • Voyage to Rome (58-60 A.D.) • First Missionary Journey (45 A.D.) • First Imprisonment in Rome (61-63 (A.D.) • Second Missionary Journey (51-54 A.D.) • At liberty (63-67 A.D.) • Third Missionary Journey (54-58 A.D.) • Second Imprisonment at Rome (68 A.D.) Paul’s writings bring the sinner to God and presents the saint accepted in the heavenlies in Christ. ANDONICHUS “victory of man” He was a kinsman of Paul who abode at Rome and who with Junia were his fellow prisoners, and of whom he said they were in Christ before him. Rom. 16: 7. Their faithful testimony along with other relatives may well have been the reason the apostle found it hard to kick against the pricks. Acts 9:5. APPHIA “dear one” She was probably the wife of Philemon, whom Paul addresses in that epistle, ver. 2. Little is known about her but she, like many others, is a ‘dear one’ who quietly works for God behind the scenes as a quiet and submissive wife and mother. AQUILLA “eagle hearted” He was a converted Jew of Pontus, husband of Priscilla, whom Paul first met at Corinth. Acts 18: 2. He and Paul worked together as tent-makers. Aquila and Priscilla had been driven from Rome as Jews by an edict of the emperor Claudius. They traveled with Paul to Ephesus, where they were able to help Apollos spiritually leading him beyond the gospel of John the Baptist. Acts 18: 18-26. They were still at Ephesus when Paul wrote 1 Corinthians (1 Cor. 16: 19); and were at Rome when the epistle to the saints there, was written, in which Paul said they had laid down their necks for his life, and that to them all the churches, with Paul, gave thanks. Rom. 16: 3, 4. In Paul's last 2 epistle he still sends his greeting to them. 2 Tim. 4: 19. It is not clear whether Aquila and Priscilla were already Christians before meeting Paul, or were converted by his preaching. Altogether, Aquila and Priscilla are mentioned six times in the New Testament (Acts 18:2, 18, 26; Romans 16:3; 1 Corinthians 16:19; 2 Timothy 4:19), and the reader will note that in the odd-numbered mentions, Aquila's name comes first, while in the even-numbered mentions, Priscilla's comes first, as if to emphasize that they are being mentioned on equal terms but in their specific appointments given by God. In 1 Timothy 2:12, Paul writes: "I do not permit a woman to instruct or command a man." (Note: "Priscilla" is the diminutive form of "Prisca". Literally, it means "little Prisca." Diminutives are more common in many foreign languages (Latin, Spanish, Russian, and Greek) than in English. They can denote affection, or distinguish from an older person, especially a relative, with the same name.) ARCHIPPUS “horse chief” He was a Christian teacher at Colosse, whom Paul calls his fellow soldier, and exhorts to fulfill his ministry. Philemon 2; Col. 4: 17. ARISTARCHUS “best ruler” He was a Macedonian of Thessalonica, a companion of Paul on several journeys and on his way to Rome. Paul once calls him 'my fellow prisoner.' Acts 19: 29; Acts 20: 4; Acts 27: 2; Philemon 24; Col. 4: 10. BARNABAS “son of consolation/exhortation” He was a Levite of Cyprus. His name was JOSES (or Joseph as in some MSS); but by the apostles he was surnamed Barnabas, 'son of consolation' (rather 'exhortation'). We first read of him as one who sold his land and laid the money at the apostles' feet. Acts 4: 36, 37. When the disciples at Jerusalem were afraid of Saul, it was Barnabas who introduced him to them. Acts 9: 26, 27. When the Gentiles were converted at Antioch it was Barnabas who was sent there from Jerusalem. Acts 11: 22-24. He rejoiced in the reality of the work and exhorted them to cleave to the Lord; the scripture says he was "a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith." He then sought Saul and brought him to Antioch, where they laboured a whole year. They then together visited Jerusalem with contributions from the saints. Acts 11: 25-30. Antioch became a centre, from whence the gospel went forth to the Gentiles; it was there that the Holy Ghost said, "Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them," and from thence they started on what is called Paul's first missionary journey. Acts 13: 2-4. On the question being raised as to the necessity of the Gentile disciples being circumcised, Paul and Barnabas (Paul being now mostly mentioned first) went up to Jerusalem about the subject. Acts 15: 1-41. After this Paul proposed that they should visit again the brethren in the cities where they had preached. Barnabas insisted that they should take his nephew Mark with them; but Paul objected, for Mark had previously left the work. Barnabas persisted in his desire and they parted so Barnabas and Mark sailed to Cyprus, his own country. Thus these two valuable servants of the Lord were separated who had hazarded their lives for the name of the Lord Jesus. We have no record of any further labours of Barnabas. Paul alludes to him as one who had been carried away by the dissimulation of Peter, but otherwise he speaks of him affectionately. 1 Cor. 9: 6; Gal. 2: 1, 9, 13. CARPUS “fruit” He was the one at Troas with whom Paul left a cloak. 2 Tim. 4: 13. 3 DEMUS “popular” He was a fellow-labourer with Paul at Rome, Philemon 24 (AD 60); Col. 4: 14 (AD 61); of whom Paul had to write some five years later, "Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this present world, and is departed to Thessalonica." 2 Tim. 4: 10 (AD 66). This may signify that he had fallen from holding Paul's doctrine through love of this present age and wishing to be popular. What a warning for us brethren! May the Lord in His grace keep us! EPAPHRAS “foam-covered” He was a fellow prisoner with Paul at Rome. He laboured at Colosse, where he was in fellowship. He is described as 'a faithful minister of Christ,' and one who agonized in prayer for the Colossians, with zeal for their welfare. Philemon 23; Col. 1: 7; 4: 12. EPAPHRODITUS “lovely” He was the one who brought supplies from Philippi to Paul, who describes him as "my brother and companion in labour and fellow soldier." When with Paul at Rome Epaphroditus became very ill, 'nigh unto death.' The deep affection between him and the Philippian saints is very evident by his sorrow that they should have heard of his sickness. He hazarded his life by his association with Paul a prisoner. Phil. 2: 25; 4: 18. ERASTUS “beloved” He is one who ministered to Paul and was sent by Paul into Macedonia, and later on is found abiding at Corinth. Acts 19: 22; 2 Tim. 4: 20. It is likely that he is the same one who is mentioned to be the Chamberlain or treasurer of Corinth. Rom. 16: 23. GAIUS “on earth” 1. Christian of Macedonia, and companion of Paul. He with Aristarchus was seized and carried into the theatre during the uproar at Ephesus. Acts 19: 29. 2. Convert of Derbe in Lycaonia, and companion of Paul. Acts 20: 4. 3. Christian at Corinth whom Paul baptized, who was his 'host' and of the whole church. Rom. 16: 23; 1 Cor. 1: 14. 4. Convert of John, whose walk in the truth and in love was commended by the apostle, and to whom he addressed his third Epistle. 3 John 1. It is not clear if these are four different people or not. Gaius and Aristarchus, were taken by a large mob of Ephesians. Gaius (the Greek version of the Roman name Caius) was the name of a Greek man who was associated with the apostle Paul during parts of Paul's missionary journeys. Some are of the opinion that there was more than one man named Gaius associated with Paul (i.e. one from Derbe, another from Corinth - see verses below), a possibility that is not clearly ruled out by the Scriptures. One fact is certain, if there was more than one Gaius, they all were Believers who were faithful and trusted friends of Paul and their fellow saints. Gaius was baptized by Paul: "I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius" (1 Corinthians 1:14) During Paul's third missionary journey, Gaius was accosted by a raving mob of idol worshippers (who were incited mainly by the craftsmen who manufactured and sold religious idols) which after Paul's message that their "gods" were worse than just useless (those who violate The Second Commandment are inviting God's wrath) began to take its toll on the statue business at Ephesus: 4 "And you see and hear that not only at Ephesus but almost throughout all Asia this Paul has persuaded and turned away a considerable company of people, saying that gods made with hands are not gods. And there is danger not only that this trade of ours may come into disrepute but also that the temple of the great goddess Artemis may count for nothing, and that she may even be deposed from her magnificence, she whom all Asia and the world worship." When they heard this they were enraged, and cried out, "Great is Artemis Of The Ephesians!" "So the city was filled with the confusion; and they rushed together into the theater, dragging with them Gaius and Aristarchus, Macedonians who were Paul's companions in travel." (Acts 19:26-29) Paul was staying with Gaius at Corinth when Paul wrote his epistle to the Romans: "Gaius, who is host to me and to the whole church, greets you." (Romans 16:23) It may have been another man named Gaius to whom The Apostle John addressed one of the Epistles? 3 John 1:1 JASON “healer” He was the host of Paul and Silas at Thessalonica, whose house was attacked by the Jews, and he was also arrested. Acts 17: 5-9. Perhaps he is the same as the one at Rome described as a kinsman of Paul. Rom. 16: 21. JUNIA “youthful” He was a believer and fellow prisoner and kinsman of Paul, of note among the apostles, and who was in Christ before Paul. Rom. 16: 7. The name is really JUNIAS. JUSTUS “just” 1. Surname of JOSEPH, or BARSABAS, who was selected as one suitable to take the place of Judas Iscariot. Acts 1: 23. 2. He was a worshipper of God at Corinth, into whose house Paul entered when he abandoned the synagogue. Acts 18: 7. 3. He was a Christian at Rome, also called JESUS, whose salutation Paul sent to the Colossian saints. Col. 4: 11. It is not clear whether these are three different people or not. LUCIUS “light, bright, white” 1. He was a prophet or teacher of Cyrene, one of those at Antioch who, after prayer and fasting, laid their hands on Barnabas and Paul and sent them on the first missionary journey. Acts 13: 1. 2. He was a kinsman of Paul whose salutation was sent to Rome. Rom. 16: 21. LUKE “light, bright, white” He was a fellow labourer with Paul, and called 'the beloved physician.' He is only three times mentioned by name. Philemon 24; Col. 4: 14; 2 Tim. 4: 11. He was the writer of the Gospel bearing his name, and also of the Acts of the Apostles, the introduction to both being addressed to a certain Theophilus. It is supposed, from Col. 4: 11, 14, that he was a Gentile, though these verses are no proof of it. In Acts 16: 10, Luke uses the word 'we,' showing that he was then with the apostle Paul at Troas, and accompanied him to Philippi, where apparently Luke remained. In Acts 20: 5,6,13 stating ‘we’ he is again with Paul, and went 5 with him to Jerusalem. Paul then became a prisoner for more than two years, and we lose sight of Luke; but as soon as Paul was about to be sent to Rome, Luke was with him again, Acts 27: 1, and accompanied him to Rome, Acts 28: 16, and was there with Paul when he wrote the Epistles to the Colossians and Philemon. He was also with Paul during his second imprisonment. When others had forsaken the aged apostle Paul, Luke alone remained. He was Paul's beloved fellow-labourer, and in his own writings has skillfully hidden himself that the work of God by His servant Paul and others might, by the leading of the Holy Spirit, be faithfully recorded, and come into prominence. However, the apostle Paul himself states that Luke was with him during his imprisonment in Rome (Phile. 24; Col. 4:14) making special mention in 2 Tim. 4:11, that "only Luke is with me." This presence of Luke with Paul during his imprisonment, combined with the narrator's use of the word "we" throughout his accounts of Paul's imprisonment, provide conclusive evidence of Luke's authorship. Luke never mentions his own name in his gospel account, in which he does not appear, or in Acts, in which he plays a major role. The other gospels were written by eyewitnesses (Matthew, Mark, and John) to the events they record. Luke admits in the first verses of his account that he was not an eyewitness of the life of Christ, but carefully records what eyewitnesses reported to him and others (Luke 1:1-4). We actually know very little about Luke the man, and that just adds to the fascination about this great and humble person. He no doubt wanted it that way. In his view, what he wrote was never about him but about Christ or what Christ did through others. Even though the Bible says little about Luke directly, we can put together a few pieces of the puzzle and assemble a fascinating portrait of this great writer and Christian. Luke's Life Just as we do today, it was common practice in apostolic days to shorten names. Luke (or Lukas) is an abbreviation of the Gentile name Loukanos, which means "white." Though it is not certain, some scholars believe that he and Titus were brothers, based on II Corinthians 8:18. So little is known about him that no one can positively state where he made his home, but most scholars feel it was in Philippi. In the biblical narrative, Luke appears suddenly but unobtrusively among Paul's companions in Troas. Acts 16:8-11 is written in such a way that the language changes from the third-person singular, "he," speaking of Paul alone, to the first-person plural, "we," when Luke joins in after he met Paul in Troas, possibly for the first time. In Colossians 4:9-14, Luke is not included among those "of the circumcision" (verse 11), but along with Epaphras and Demas forms a group of Gentiles who assisted Paul in his travels and work. Many early Christian writers assert that Luke was converted directly from paganism, though others thought him to be a convert to Judaism, a Jewish proselyte. We can also learn something about people by their writing styles. Luke is clearly a highly educated individual. As a physician, he would have studied a great deal more than medicine, including philosophy and classical literature. Bible commentators report Luke has the best command of the Greek language of any New Testament writer. Only the Greek in the book of Hebrews approaches the quality of Luke's writing. Commentators call the gospel of Luke, "a work of high literary quality" (Unger's Bible Dictionary). One scholar viewed Luke's gospel as "the most beautiful book that has ever been written. The subject matter as well as the author's literary talent combine to give the book an interesting appeal and polish conspicuous in the New Testament." It is obvious from his account in Acts 27 of the shipwreck that he had the knowledge of a mariner. The Beloved Physician Luke's immediate service to God's people comes as Paul's personal "beloved physician" Colossians 4:14. Paul frequently needed a doctor's ministrations! Jesus says that the sick need a physician Luke 5:31. According to his own testimony in II Corinthians 11:23-28, Paul relates how often he was beaten, whipped "above measure" and/or imprisoned. He goes on to say he was once stoned and left for dead. We could also add to this list being shipwrecked three times and Paul's consequent exposure. One time he spent a whole night and a day trying not to 6 drown II Corinthians 11:25. No doubt, Luke's trained hands and caring presence helped Paul recover from many of these severe beatings, open wounds and infections. No wonder Paul calls Luke the "beloved" physician! Certainly, God used Luke to help prolong Paul's life and perhaps even to help him recover from serious illnesses. Luke may also have attended to Paul's "thorn in the flesh" II Corinthians 12:7 and his illness while among the Galatians 4:13-14. Luke's later years are spent in Paul's company away from Philippi: on the way to Jerusalem, at Caesarea, during the voyage to Rome and of course in Rome itself. He is with Paul in Rome as he writes Colossians and Philemon. Luke is not only a physician to Paul, but he also becomes his personal assistant and secretary. We also know that during Paul's second Roman imprisonment, Luke is Paul's sole companion for a time. Note what Paul asks Timothy, in II Timothy 4:9-12. ”Be diligent to come to me quickly; for Demas has forsaken me, having loved this present world, and has departed for Thessalonica—Crescens for Galatia, Titus for Dalmatia. Only Luke is with me. Get Mark and bring him with you, for he is useful to me for ministry. And Tychicus I have sent to Ephesus.” This is the last letter of Paul. He is "already being poured out as a drink offering" verse 6. He could have felt totally abandoned by his human friends—except for Luke's presence. Luke's devotion to Paul during this dangerous time is nothing short of beautiful and inspiring. Paul, though a deeply converted man of faith, is also human and appreciates having a companion who never gives up and never leaves him. Luke is truly a "God-send" for Paul in his darkest hours before his execution. In his rare "spare" moments, Luke assembles the stories he hears repeatedly about Christ, and writes his own gospel account, as well as the Acts of the Apostles later. It is possible that Luke pens his gospel during Paul's imprisonment in Caesarea. Commentators describe his writing as painting with word pictures. Acts 23:12-22. As mentioned earlier, Luke never mentions himself by name even once in Acts, though he was obviously a witness to many of the events. As mentioned above the closest he comes is to say "we" in several places Acts 16:10-17; 20:6-16; 21:27-28. These ‘we’ sections have vivid descriptions only an eyewitness could portray. We also see medical and sailing details in Luke's writings. In Acts 28:8, Luke reports that Publius' father "lay sick of a fever and dysentery." This physician also humbly records in Luke 8:43 that no physician could heal the woman who had a flow of blood for twelve years. What does he do in this case? He shines the spotlight on the true Healer, Jesus Christ. Luke's focus in his gospel account is on Christ the Man. This contrasts with Matthew's emphasis on Christ the King; Mark's, on Christ the Servant; and John's, on Christ the Son of God. As a Gentile, Luke's great appreciation for Jesus' sacrifice for all men—Jew and Gentile alike—comes out in his depiction of the life of Christ. He is not just the Savior of the sons of Abraham but all the sons of Adam. Along with Matthew, Luke commonly uses the term "Son of Man" in reference to Jesus. He provides detailed accounts of Christ's birth, infancy and childhood to illustrate that he was born, grew and matured like any other human. The order with which he writes is moral and not chronological. He shows Jesus doing things the rest of humanity does all the time: praying, learning, eating, sleeping, weeping and giving comfort. Even His parables, as described by Luke, have a very human touch. Luke chronicles events not found in the other gospel accounts. For example, Luke records five great exclamations of singing: Elizabeth's thanksgiving, Mary's joyous praise of God, Zechariah's exuberant prophecy, the angels' annunciation of Christ's birth to the shepherds, and Simeon's verse of appreciation for living to see the Messiah. From all this we know that Luke was a humble man, who comes to know and love his Savior intimately. He finds it an honor to serve a great apostle, Paul, and prefers to keep the spotlight on others—and off himself. We find him unafraid in his devotion to stand by Paul, when others are getting out while they can. Evident in his writings is a 7 constant awareness of God's providence for His servants, an awareness that reveals itself in his vignettes that show God's care and love for the sick and needy. He is a great gospel writer, for he knows his subject, the Christ, in a very personal way, though he never had the opportunity to meet Him firsthand. Nonetheless, His stories are full of vivid details, evidence of his drive to allow the reader to be able to experience rather than merely read. He wants his readers to come to know the Savior just as deeply as he has. No one knows for sure how Luke's life ended. We know he was not martyred with Paul in Rome since he wrote the book of Acts long after that terrible moment. No one knows whether he was martyred later or died a natural death. Regardless, Luke's work lives on, inspiring us today, almost 2,000 years later. Thank God for Luke, the beloved physician. LYDIA A disciple of Thyatira — a place noted for its dyes — a seller of purple, residing at Philippi, whose heart the Lord opened, and who became, as far as is known, the first convert in Europe. She received Paul, Silas, and Luke into her house. Acts 16: 14, 40. It is interesting to note that although the apostle was not allowed to visit Thyatira in his journey, being instructed by the Holy Ghost, he meets a dear one in Philippi that the Lord had prepared for blessing from that area. She like others opened her house twice to the Apostle and it is strikingly stated of her that “she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul”. Vs. 14b. What an example for us! MARCUS “a defense” A disciple at Jerusalem described as 'JOHN’, whose surname was Mark,' and as 'sister's son to Barnabas. ' When Peter was miraculously delivered from prison he resorted to the house of Mary, who was Mark's mother. Peter may have been the means of his conversion, for he calls him his 'son.' 1 Peter 5: 13. He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey, but left them at Perga. When the second journey was proposed, Paul did not think it right to take Mark with them; but on Barnabas pressing this, they separated, and Barnabas took Mark with him and sailed to Cyprus. Acts 12: 12, 25; Acts 13: 5, 13; Acts 15: 37, 39. Paul and Mark were afterwards reconciled and he was with Paul at Rome and was commended to the Colossians. Col. 4: 10; Philemon 24. He was with Peter at Babylon, and when Paul was, for a second time, a prisoner at Rome, he asked for Mark, saying he was serviceable for the ministry. 2 Tim. 4: 11. Mark was God's instrument in writing the Gospel bearing his name telling of the perfect Servant this being an area in his life that he had failed. Oh the grace of our God! NYMPHUS “bridal” Saint at Colosse or Laodicea, to whom Paul sent his salutations. Col. 4: 15. Several editors read, 'the church which is in their house.' ONESIPHORUS “profit bringing” He is the one who sought out Paul at Rome and ministered to him: Paul commended his household to God. 2 Tim. 1: 16; 2 Tim. 4: 19. Timothy was Paul’s last letter before he was martyred. As indicated by the following, Paul knew his death was near: “The time has come for my departure” 2 Tim. 4:6. 8 (The word departure was also used by Peter in reference to death. See 2 Pet. 1:15. While Paul was in chains at Rome awaiting his execution, a disciple named Onesiphorus was a great blessing to the champion apostle. Paul wrote that this disciple “searched hard” to find him. When he finally did find Paul he “refreshed” him 2 Tim. 1:16. This refreshing that Onesiphorus blessed Paul with occurred “often,” according to the same verse. There’s something especially commendable about a friend who will stand by you in distress as Onesiphorus did for Paul. (Some believe it was dangerous for Onesiphorus even to be associated with Paul at this time! This could be inferred from verse 15.) Paul also wrote: “May the Lord show mercy to the household of Onesiphorus” 2 Tim. 1:16. This phrase is a difficult one, but some think Onesiphorus paid with his life to refresh Paul before his martyrdom! This remains a mystery, but certain truths are obvious about this disciple: 1. He was kind in Ephesus 2 Tim. 1:18 when all was secure and 2. He was kind in Rome when the air was filled with death and danger. 3. Perhaps he had Gal. 6:2 in mind “Carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.” The body of Christ needs more like Onesiphorus. If he could refresh the great apostle Paul as he did, then you too can refresh other Christians by acts of kindness. ONESIMUS “profitable” He was a slave of Philemon, converted when with Paul, and sent back to his master not simply as a servant, but as a brother beloved.' Col. 4: 9; Philemon 10. Christianity did not come in to set the world right thus: Onesimus was sent back to his master, and slaves are elsewhere exhorted to be faithful to their masters; but slavery is doubtless one of the fruits of man's sin. Onesimus was a faithful and beloved brother and it appears Philemon released him to return and serve the beloved apostle Paul. Col. 4:9 PHEBE “radiant” A Christian woman commended by the apostle to the saints at Rome as 'a servant of the church.' He desired that they should assist her in anything in which she needed their aid. She had been a succourer of many and of Paul. Rom. 16: 1. PHILEMON “one who kisses” Nothing is known of Philemon beyond what is found in this epistle, nor is it clear where he resided. The similarity of the salutations to those found in the Epistle to the Colossians, and the reference to Onesimus in that epistle, leads to the conclusion that Philemon dwelt somewhere in the direction of Colosse (probably at Laodicea, Archippus being mentioned in Col. 4: 17, and Philemon 2, and that both epistles were sent from Rome about A.D. 61. Though the assembly in the house of Philemon is mentioned in verse 2, the epistle is a personal one to Philemon and his wife. Onesimus, their slave, had run away, and having been converted under the ministry of Paul was sent back by the latter to his master. Paul does not ask for the freedom of Onesimus, but that he may now be received in grace as a brother, indeed, be received as the apostle's 'own bowels.' Paul does not assert apostolic authority, but entreats as the 'prisoner ' and 'the aged.' Led by the Holy Spirit, the epistle is a gracious appeal, and difficulties are met in it in a matter requiring much delicacy. If the slave had robbed Philemon, Paul would repay it; but he reminds Philemon of how much he owed him, even his 'own self besides.' 9 Some may be surprised that such an epistle should form part of the inspired word. But it is 'profitable': for fifteen hundred years slaves were extensively owned by Christians. Many may never have thought of seeking their conversion, or may have been prejudiced against it. A Boer in South Africa, though a Christian himself, once told a preacher that he was sure he might as well preach to the dogs as to his African servants. God saw the need of such an epistle. The slave had become 'a brother beloved.' PRISCILLA “old fashioned, ancient” She was the wife of Aquila. She and her husband are called by Paul "my fellow-workers in Christ Jesus." Paul met them at Corinth, and they traveled with him to Ephesus, where they were enabled to expound unto Apollos the way of God more perfectly. Priscilla is three times mentioned before her husband when God would emphasize the role of a godly woman. Acts 18:18, 26; Rom. 16: 3; 2 Tim. 4: 19. SECUNDUS “second” He was a believer of Thessalonica, and for a time a companion of Paul. Acts 20: 4. SILAS “three, or the third” He was a 'chief man' among the brethren and a prophet. He was sent to Antioch, with Paul and Barnabas, after the council of the church at Jerusalem concerning Gentiles keeping the law. He accompanied Paul in his second missionary journey, and was imprisoned with him at Philippi. Acts 15: 22-40; Acts 16: 19-25, 29; Acts 17: 4-15; Acts 18: 5. The name is an abbreviation of SILVANUS. He is mentioned along with Timothy in the epistles of Paul 2 Cor 1:19; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:1. SOPATER “saving father” A believer of Berea who accompanied Paul from Greece into Asia. Acts 20: 4. The Editors of the Greek Testament add '[son] of Pyrrhus.' The name Sosipater appears nowhere else in the New Testament. Luke even calls him Sopater, which is the nickname for Sosipater, while Paul calls him by his full name. TERTIUS “the third” He was the Christian who wrote the Epistle to the Romans at Paul's dictation, and who sent his own salutation to the saints. Rom. 16: 22. TIMOTHY “honouring God” In Timothy Paul saw one who appreciated the sacredness of the work of a minister; who was not appalled at the prospect of suffering and persecution; and who was willing to be taught. Timothy's father was a Greek and his mother a Jewess. From a child he had known the Scriptures. The piety that he saw in his mixed home life was sound and sensible but likely provided a need for decision. The faith of his mother and his grandmother in the sacred oracles was to him a constant reminder of the blessing in doing God's will. The word of God was the rule by which these two godly women had guided Timothy. The spiritual power of the lessons that he had received from them kept him pure in speech and unsullied by the evil influences with which he was surrounded. Thus his home instructors had co-operated with God in preparing him to bear burdens. 10