The Mishkat al-Anwar of al-Ghazzali Index Sacred Texts Islam Mishkât Al-Anwar ("THE NICHE FOR LIGHTS") by AL-GHAZZALI [1058-1111 C.E.] Translation and Introduction by W. H. T. {William Henry Temple} GAIRDNER [b. 1873, d. 1928] {First published as Monograph Vol. XIX by the Royal Asiatic Society, London 1924. Title Page Acknowledgment Author's Preface Contents Introduction I. Date, Object, And General Contents II. Mysteries Left Veiled In This Treatise III. A Ghazzalian Philosophy Of Religion IV. Ghazzali Problems Raised By The Foregoing V. The Problem Of The Vicegerent In Ibn Rushd And Ibn Tufail VI. One Solution Of The Problem Of The Vicegerent VII. Another Solution VIII. Al-Ghazzali And The Seven Spheres IX. Anthropomorphism And Theomorphism In Al-Mishkat X. Pantheism And Al-Ghazzali, In Al-Mishkat Translation PART I.--Light, And Lights: Preliminary Studies PART II.--The Science Of Symbolism. PART III.--The Application To The Light-Verse And The Veils Tradition http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/index.htm7/19/2008 12:14:04 PM Title Page Sacred Texts Islam Index Next Mishkât Al-Anwar ("THE NICHE FOR LIGHTS") by AL-GHAZZALI [1058-1111 C.E.] A TRANSLATION WITH INTRODUCTION BY W. H. T. {William Henry Temple} GAIRDNER [b. 1873, d. 1928] B.A. OXON; C.M.S. MISSIONARY IN CAIRO; DIRECTOR OF THE SCHOOL FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES, CAIRO {First published as Monograph Vol. XIX by the Royal Asiatic Society, London 1924. {scanned at sacred-texts.com, October 2001} {p. v} Next: Acknowledgment http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh00.htm7/19/2008 12:14:08 PM Acknowledgment Sacred Texts Islam Index Previous Next ACKNOWLEDGMENT I HAVE greatly profited from hints, generously lavished in the course of correspondence, from Professors D.B. MACDONALD, R. NICHOLSON, and LOUIS MASSIGNON, in addition to recent works by the last two. My cordial thanks to these; and also to Professor D.S. MARGOLIOUTH for discussing with me some of the difficult points in the translation. {p. vi} {p. vii} Next: Author's Preface http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh01.htm7/19/2008 12:14:10 PM Author's Preface Sacred Texts Islam Index Previous Next AUTHOR'S PREFACE I AM so conscious that my general equipment was insufficient to warrant my having undertaken an introduction to this treatise (in addition to the translation), that my utmost hope is this,--that what I have written may be regarded by lenient Orientalists as something to elicit--provoke, if you will--the necessary supplementing and formative criticism; or as useful materials to be built into some more authoritative and better informed work: and that they may from this point of view be inclined to pardon what otherwise might seem an unwarrantable piece of rashness and indiscretion. A still greater presumption remains to be forgiven, but this time on the ground of the great human simplicities, when I venture to inscribe this work, in spite of everything, to the beloved memory of IGNAZ GOWZIHER --that golden-hearted man--who in 1911 introduced me to the Mishkât; and to join with his {p. viii} name that of DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD who first introduced me to the Mishkât's author. Of these twain, the latter may perhaps forgive the lapses of a pupil because of the filial joy with which, I know well, he will see the two names joined together, howsoever or by whomsoever it was done. As for the former, . . . in Abraham's bosom all things are forgiven. CAIRO July, 1923. {p. ix} Next: Contents http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh02.htm7/19/2008 12:14:12 PM Contents Sacred Texts Islam Index Previous Next CONTENTS [Ghazzâlî's sections and titles have been supplemented. The page-references enclosed within square brackets in the Introduction, Translation, and foot-notes are references to the pages of the Arabic text, (Cairo A.H. 1922, Matba`at as Sidq), the numbers of which will be found in the text of the Translation, enclosed in square brackets.] TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION I. Date, Object, and General Contents 2 II. Mysteries left Veiled in this Treatise 4 III. A Ghazzâlian Philosophy of Religion 6 IV. Ghazzâlî Problems Raised by the Foregoing 14 V. The Problem of the Vicegerent in Ibn Rushed and Ibn Tufail 17 VI. One Solution of the Problem of the Vicegerent 24 VII. Another Solution 32 VIII. AI-Ghazzâlî and the Seven Spheres 46 IX. Anthropomorphism and Theomorphism in al-Mishkât 50 X. Pantheism and al-Ghazzâlî, in al-Mishkât 61 TRANSLATION OF MISHKAT AL-ANWAR "THE NICHE FOR LIGHTS" Exordium and Introduction. The "Light" Verse and the "Veils"-Tradition 75 {p. x} PART I. LIGHT, AND LIGHTS Preliminary Studies. http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh03.htm (1 of 3)7/19/2008 12:14:15 PM Contents 1. "Light" as Physical Light; as the Eye; as the Intelligence 79 2. The Koran as the Sun of the Intelligence 91 3. The Worlds Visible and Invisible; with their Lights 93 4. These Lights as Lamps Terrestrial and Celestial: with their Order and Grades 98 5. The Source of all these Grades of Light: ALLAH 100 6. The Mystic Verity of Verities 103 7. The "God-Aspect": an "advanced" explanation of the Relation of these Lights to ALLAH 108 8. The Relation of these Lights to ALLAH: Simple Illustrations and Explanations 116 PART II. THE SCIENCE OF SYMBOLISM. (i) The Outward and the Inward in Symbolism Type and Antitype 122 1. The Two Worlds: their Types and Antitypes 123 2. An Example of Symbolism, from the Story of Abraham in the Koran 126 3. Fundamental Examples of Symbolism: especially from the Story of Moses in the Koran 129 4. The Permanent Validity of the Outward and Visible Sign: an Example 136 5. Another Example of this Two-sided and Equal Validity of Outward and Inward 141 (ii) The Psychology of the Human Soul: its Five Faculties or Spirits 143 {p. xi} PART III. THE APPLICATION OF ALL THE FOREGOING TO THE LIGHT-VERSES AND THE VEILS-TRADITION http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh03.htm (2 of 3)7/19/2008 12:14:15 PM Contents (i) The exposition of the Symbolism of the Light-Verse 150 1. The Sensory Spirit 150 2. The Imaginative Spirit 150 3. The Intelligential Spirit 152 4 The Ratiocinative Spirit 152 5. The Transcendental Prophetic Spirit 153 Epilogue: the "Darkness"-Verse 154 (ii) The Exposition of the Symbolism of the Seventy Thousand Veils 157 1. Those veiled by Pure Darkness 158 2. Those veiled by mixed Light and Darkness 163 (a) The darkness of the Senses 163 (b) The darkness of the Imagination 167 (c) The darkness of the (ratiocinative) Intelligence 169 3. Those veiled by Pure Light 169 4. The Goal of the Quest 171 {p. 1} {p. 2} Next: Introduction http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh03.htm (3 of 3)7/19/2008 12:14:15 PM Introduction Sacred Texts Islam Index Previous Next INTRODUCTION The references in square brackets are to the pages of the Cairo Arabic edition, and to the present English translation. THE MISHKÂT AL-ANWAR[1] is a work of extreme interest from the viewpoint of al-Ghazzâlî's[2] inner life and esoteric thought. The glimpses it gives of that life and thought are remarkably, perhaps uniquely, intimate. It begins where his autobiographical Al-Munqidh min al-Dalâl leaves off. Its esotericism excited the curiosity and even the suspicion of Muslim thinkers from the first, and we have deeply interesting allusions to it in Ibn Tufaill and Ibn Rushd,[4] the celebrated philosophers of Western Islam, who flourished within the century after al-Ghazzâlî's death in 1111 (A.H. 505)--a fact which, again, increases its importance and interest for us. [1. The Mishkât al-Anwâr is numbered No. 34 in Brockelmann's Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (vol. i, p. 423). It was printed in Cairo (matba`at as Sidq, A. H. 1322), to which edition the references in the present work are made. There is another edition in a collection of five opuscules of Ghazzâlî under the title of the first of the five, Faisal al-Tafriqa. 2. The Algazal of the Schoolmen. 3. The Abubacer of the Schoolmen. 4. The Averroes of the Schoolmen.] {p. 2} Next: I. Date, Object, And General Contents http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh04.htm7/19/2008 12:14:19 PM I. Date, Object, And General Contents Sacred Texts Islam Index Previous Next I. DATE, OBJECT, AND GENERAL CONTENTS There is no way of fixing the Precise date of this treatise; but it falls among his later ones, perhaps among the latest; the most important hint we get from Ghazzâlî himself being that the book was written after his Magnum opus, the Ihyâ'al Ulûm (p. [9]). Other works of Ghazzâlî mentioned by him in this treatise are the Mi`âr al-`Ilm, Mahakk al-Nazar, and al-Maqsad al-Asnâ. The object of the opuscule is to expound a certain Koran verse and a certain Tradition. The former is the celebrated Light-Verse (S. 24, 35) and the latter the Veils-Tradition. It is divided into three sections, of which the first is considerably the longest. In this first section he considers the word "light" itself, and its plural "lights," as applied to physical light and lights; to the eye; to the intelligence (i.e. intellect or reason); to prophets; to supernal beings; and finally to Allah himself, who is shown to be not the only source of light and of these lights, but also the only real actual light in all existence. {p. 3} In the second section we have some most interesting prolegomena to the whole subject of symbolic language in the Koran and Traditions, and its interpretation. Symbols are shown to be no mere metaphors. There is a real mystical nexus between symbol and symbolized, type and antitype, outer and inner. The symbols are infinitely numerous, very much more numerous than those mentioned in Koran, or Traditions. Every object on earth "perhaps" has its correlative in the unseen, spiritual world. This doctrine of symbols reminds us of the Platonic "ideas" and their earthly copies, and of the "patterns of things in the heavens" and "the example and shadow [on earth] of heavenly things" in the Epistle to the Hebrews. A notable deduction is made from this doctrine, namely, the equal incumbency of keeping the outward letter (zâhir) of the Law as well as its inner meaning (bâtin). Nearly all the most advanced Sûfis were zealous and Minutely scrupulous keepers of the ritual, ceremonial, and other prescriptions of the Sunna law, and Ghazzâlî here supplies a quasi-philosophical basis for this fidelity--a fidelity which some of the bolder and more extreme {p. 4} mystics found illogical and "unspiritual". In the third section the results of this symbology are applied to the Verse and Tradition in question. In the former the beautiful, and undeniably intriguing expressions of the Koran--the Light, the Niche, the Glass, the Oil, Tree, the East and the West--are explained both on psychological and religio- metaphysical lines; and a similar exegesis is applied to the tradition of the Seventy Thousand Veils. http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh05.htm (1 of 2)7/19/2008 12:14:22 PM I. Date, Object, And General Contents Next: II. Mysteries Left Veiled In This Treatise http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/mishkat/msh05.htm (2 of 2)7/19/2008 12:14:22 PM