Two Responses to Modernism: Minimalism and New Complexity in Solo Flute Repertoire by Twila Dawn Bakker Bachelor of Arts, University of Alberta, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Music  Twila Dawn Bakker, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Two Responses to Modernism: Minimalism and New Complexity in Solo Flute Repertoire by Twila Dawn Bakker Bachelor of Arts, University of Alberta, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. Jonathan Goldman, School of Music Supervisor Dr. Michelle Fillion, School of Music Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Jonathan Goldman, School of Music Supervisor Dr. Michelle Fillion, School of Music Departmental Member Wind repertoire, especially for flute, has received little focused attention in the musicological world especially when compared with other instruments. This gap in scholarship is further exacerbated when the scope of time is narrowed to the last quarter of the twentieth century. Although Minimalism and New Complexity are – at least superficially – highly divergent styles of composition, they both exhibit aspects of a response to modernism. An examination of emblematic examples from the repertoire for solo flute (or recorder), specifically focusing on: Louis Andriessen’s Ende (1981); James Dillon’s Sgothan (1984), Brian Ferneyhough’s Carceri d’Invenzione IIb (1984), Superscripto (1981), and Unity Capsule (1975); Philip Glass’s Arabesque in Memoriam (1988); Henryk Górecki’s Valentine Piece (1996); and Steve Reich’s Vermont Counterpoint (1982), allows for the similarities in both genre’s response to modernism to be highlighted. These works are situated historically and characteristics of both styles are highlighted with particular regard to Late or Post-Modernism. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee......................................................................................................ii Abstract..............................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................iv List of Tables.......................................................................................................................v List of Figures.....................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgments............................................................................................................vii Dedication........................................................................................................................viii Preface.................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Features of Late Modernist Music......................................................................9 Post-Modern Origins.....................................................................................................10 What is Post-Modernism in Music?..............................................................................12 Chapter 2 The Varieties of Minimalist Music: a Geographic Approach...........................18 Characteristics of Minimalism......................................................................................21 Minimalism as a Style in the Late Modern Era.............................................................26 The Development of Minimalism in America: San Francisco to New York.................28 Minimalism in Holland and the Legacy of Louis Andriessen.......................................35 The Sacred Minimalists: Tavener, Pärt, Górecki...........................................................40 Chapter 3 Minimalism in Solo Flute Repertoire: Analysis of Emblematic Works by Reich, Glass, Andriessen and Górecki..............................................................................45 Vermont Counterpoint – Steve Reich............................................................................45 Arabesque in Memoriam – Philip Glass........................................................................50 Ende – Louis Andriessen...............................................................................................53 Valentines for Solo Flute – Henryk Górecki..................................................................55 Chapter 4 The Development of New Complexity: a Geographic Approach.....................62 Characteristics of New Complexity...............................................................................63 New Complexity as a Style in the Late Modern Era.....................................................67 The Development of New Complexity in the United Kingdom....................................69 New Complexity at Darmstadt......................................................................................71 Chapter 5 New Complexity in Solo Flute Repertoire: Analysis of Emblematic Works by Ferneyhough and Dillon....................................................................................................76 Unity Capsule – Brian Ferneyhough.............................................................................76 Superscripto – Brian Ferneyhough................................................................................82 Carceri d’Invenzione IIb – Brian Ferneyhough............................................................85 Sgothan – James Dillon.................................................................................................87 Chapter 6 Conclusions.......................................................................................................91 Bibliography......................................................................................................................95 Scores..........................................................................................................................100 Selected Discography..................................................................................................100 Appendix A Textural Analysis of Steve Reich’s Vermont Counterpoint.......................101 v List of Tables Table 0.1. Timeline of select compositions for wind instruments involving techniques of Minimalism and New Complexity, between 1975 and 1996..............................................7  Table 1.1. Post-Modern characteristics as a means of definition......................................14  Table 2.1. Common characteristics of minimal music......................................................22  Table 3.1. Overview of formal elements in Steve Reich's Vermont Counterpoint...........48  Table 3.2. Presentation of musical motives in Arabesque in Memoriam by Philip Glass.52  Table 3.3. Utilization of time signatures in Louis Andriessen's Ende...............................54  Table 3.4. The development of the initial motivic cell in the opening material of the three sections of Henryk Górecki’s Valentine Piece..................................................................59  Table 4.1. Summary of stances held by five composers associated with the New Complexity movement......................................................................................................66  Table 4.2. Winners of the Komposition Kranichsteinerpreis............................................74  Table 5.1. Symbols used by Dillon to indicate an air inflection on the flute’s tone in Sgothan..............................................................................................................................88 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1. Surface connections of the New York network focusing on the figures of Richard Serra, Steve Reich, Philip Glass and Sol LeWitt.................................................35  Figure 3.1. The development of the fragment in rehearsal 2 to the melody of rehearsal 4 in Reich's Vermont Counterpoint......................................................................................49  Figure 3.2. Lines of individuation in Henryk Górecki`s Valentine Piece.........................57  Figure 3.3. Development of initial motivic cell (A) in Henryk Górecki’s Valentine Piece. ...........................................................................................................................................58  Figure 5.1. Quarter-tone notation utilized by Brian Ferneyhough in Unity Capsule........78  Figure 5.2. Spectrum of flute tone quality utilized by Ferneyhough in Unity Capsule....79  Figure 5.3. A graphical representation of the notated segments of Brian Ferneyhough’s Unity Capsule....................................................................................................................81  Figure 5.4. Superscripto mm. 43-45 by Brian Ferneyhough.............................................84  Figure 5.5. Carceri d’Invenzione IIb mm. 74 - 75 by Brian Ferneyhough.......................86  Figure 5.6. Sgothan mm. 1-5 by James Dillon..................................................................89 vii Acknowledgments Yarding the stars when they drift away And towing the sun on a golden chain, On a silver line, drinking cups of coffee. -“Tugboats,” Bob Bossin The support (and sometimes tow) I have needed to get my studies to this point has been vast and varied. I would like to thank my committee: Dr. Jonathan Goldman for his patience and perspective, Dr. Michelle Fillion for her insightful comments and the music faculty of University of Victoria for providing such an inspirational place to learn. I would like to thank C.F. Peters Corporation for providing copyright permissions for the following examples included herein: James Dillon, Sgothan, Copyright  1984 by C.F. Peters Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Used by permission. Brian Ferneyhough, Carceri d’Invenzione IIb  1984 by C.F. Peters Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Used by permission. Brian Ferneyhough, Superscripto  1982 by C.F. Peters Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Used by permission. Brian Ferneyhough, Unity Capsule  1975 by C.F. Peters Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Used by permission. To my parents, Wayne and Darlene, for always encouraging me in my musical ventures from the very start and for the many hours of patient editing and discussion that you provided me with since then, thank you. Thank you to my siblings: Lachlan for providing general thoughts on life and many a good book. Hillary for technology help, succinct turns of phrase, and more coffees than I thought possible; and Ardelle for all the timely questions, music suggestions, and apt consideration of all things possibly post-modern. And finally thank you to all my friends and family who have listened to ideas, suggested routes of academic exploration, reminded me of the joy in music, read drafts, and helped in countless other ways: Alisabeth, Ardelle, Crystal, Hillary, Iain, Jeanie, Jenny, Julie, Lachlan, Laura, Margaret, Mary, Mindy, Nick, and Ruth. And especially to Jeanie, Stan, and Mortimer for the many cups of tea drunk and songs sung, and Alisabeth Concord and Julie Heikel for the encouragement and edits all along the way. viii Dedication For the parents of the little girl who was always and forever asking questions. Preface The central goal of this thesis is to situate a small, representative corpus of works for solo flute (or recorder) into two contemporary late modernist compositional idioms - Minimalism and the New Complexity. This examination of Louis Andriessen’s Ende, James Dillon’s Sgothan, Brian Ferneyhough’s Carceri d’Invenzione IIb, Superscripto, and Unity Capsule, Philip Glass’s Arabesque in Memoriam, Henryk Górecki’s Valentine Piece and Steve Reich’s Vermont Counterpoint attempts to demonstrate two things. First, the ways in which these works exemplify the two opposing musical processes and second, the value of these processes and critical perspectives as tools for understanding flute works by these six composers. Beginning with an examination of the historical movement and philosophical milieux that surrounded the separate developments of Minimalism and New Complexity (defined in Chapters 2 and 4 respectively), these currents of late-twentieth-century music will then be viewed through the lens of the above works, composed from the mid 1970s to mid 1990s, which are regarded as representative of these large-scale compositional trends. Wind repertoire is useful in delineating these particular aesthetic movements mainly because many of the composers examined here were themselves trained as wind instrumentalists (notably La Monte Young and Philip Glass in the case of Minimalism, and Brian Ferneyhough in the case of New Complexity).1 By dealing explicitly with solo repertoire for one unaccompanied melodic instrument it is possible to focus the analysis on the basic characteristics of the 1 Philip Glass and Brian Ferneyhough likely have a deeper understanding of the functioning of the flute, then La Monte Young who was originally a saxophonist. Glass was originally trained as a flutist and Ferneyhough has stated that of his works he would be most comfortable performing those written for the flute. 2 music and define the musical processes of both styles. In the end, I will demonstrate that both styles, however different, also share core similarities such as: irony; disdain for structural unity; an understanding of music’s wide cultural, social and political relevance; fragmentation and discontinuities; quotation of and references to music of many traditions and cultures; they embrace and engage in contradiction; they conceive of technology as a creative tool more than one of mere historical stewardship; they are pluralist and eclectic in styles, techniques and expression levels; and both explore hybridity of genre. Additionally, scholarship on modern flute repertoire is relatively scarce, especially in comparison to the work done on the repertoire of other instruments such as the violin or piano. The majority of these limited flute repertoire studies have focused on the French flute school of the early twentieth century.2 Little scholarship deals explicitly with flute repertoire of the late-twentieth century. Those studies which do exist on late- twentieth-century flute repertoire are mainly practical in nature, providing descriptions and discussion of the extended techniques required in their performance. Robert Dick’s The Other Flute from 1975 and Carin Levine and Christina Mitropoulos-Bott’s more recent work from 2002-2004, The Techniques of Flute Playing, are examples of such performance-orientated literature. The gap in flute scholarship is symptomatic of an even larger void of musicological studies on wind repertoire in general. The literature on musical Minimalism is more wide ranging than that completed on flute repertoire. Minimalism has been explored as a cultural practice emerging from 2 Some studies of the French flute school and its practitioners include: Edward Blakeman, Taffanel: Genius of the Flute (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Claude Dorgeuille, The French Flute School, 1860- 1950, trans. Edward Blakeman (London: Tony Bingham, 1986); Ann McCutchan, Marcel Moyse: Voice of the Flute (Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1994); Nancy Toff, Monarch of the Flute: The Life of Georges Barrère (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).