MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication Teory and Design Leeladhar Malviya Rajib Kumar Panigrahi M.V. Kartikeyan First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC First edition published by CRC Press 2021 CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The right of Leeladhar Malviya, Rajib Kumar Panigrahi and M.V. Kartikeyan to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf. co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 9780367530471 (hbk) ISBN: 9781003080275 (ebk) Typeset in Times by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. To our Parents and Teachers. Contents Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Symbols xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fundamentals of MIMO Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Motivation and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Theory of MIMO 7 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Wireless Channel Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1.1 Large Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1.2 Small Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Effect of Interference on Channel Capacity . . . . . . 9 2.2.2.1 Co-Channel Interference and Capacity . . . 10 2.2.2.2 Adjacent Channel Interference and Capacity 10 2.2.2.3 Power and Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Approaches to Improve Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.1 Cell Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.2 Sector Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3.3 Repeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3.4 Microcell Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Applications of MIMO 13 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Functions of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.3 Types of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.4 Applications of MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 vii viii Contents 4 MIMO Antenna Performance Criteria 19 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2 Performance Criteria of MIMO Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.1 Reflection Coefficient and VSWR . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.2 Transmitted and Reflected Powers . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.3 Transmission Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.2.4 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) . . . . . . . . 22 4.2.5 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) . . . . . . 22 4.2.6 Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.7 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2.8 Spectral Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.2.9 MIMO Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4.3 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5 5G Massive MIMO Technology 27 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5.2 Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.3 Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 5.4 Spatial Diversity/Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.5 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.5.1 Types of Beamforming Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.6 Advantages of Massive MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5.7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 6 Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques in MIMO Designs: An in-depth Survey 35 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.2 Diversity Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.2.1 Space Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6.2.2 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6.2.3 Pattern Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3 Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3.1 Parasitic Element/Structure Approach . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3.2 Neutralization Line Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.3.3 Slit and Slot Etching Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.3.4 Coupling/Decoupling Structure Approach . . . . . . . 39 6.3.5 Metamaterials Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3.6 Shorting Pins/Posts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.3.7 Feeding Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.3.8 Ground Branches/Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 6.4 MIMO Antenna Miniaturization Techniques . . . . . . . . . 43 6.5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Contents ix 7 Design and Analysis of Multi-Band Printed MIMO Antenna with Diversity and PSG 47 7.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7.2 Multi-Band MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . 48 7.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 51 7.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 8 Design and Analysis of Wide-Band MIMO Antenna with Di- versity and PEG 71 8.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 8.2 Wide-Band MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . 72 8.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 75 8.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 9 Design and Analysis of CP-MIMO Antenna for WLAN Ap- plication 91 9.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 9.2 CP-MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . . . 92 9.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . . . . . 95 9.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 10 MIMO Antenna Designs with Diversity Techniques for LTE Applications 111 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 10.2 Design and Analysis of C-Shaped Folded Loop MIMO Radiator 111 10.2.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 10.2.2 Folded Loop MIMO Antenna Design and Implementa- tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 10.2.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 115 10.3 Design and Analysis of Mathematically Inspired Dual Curved MIMO Radiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.3.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.3.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . 126 10.3.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 129 10.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 11 MIMO Antenna Designs for WLAN/WiMAX Applications with 1 × 2 Power Divider Arms 141 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.2 Design and Analysis of Pentagonal Shaped Offset Planar MIMO for Omni-Directional Radiation Patterns . . . . . . . 142 11.2.1 Introduction and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 11.2.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Implementation . . . . . 142 11.2.3 Simulation-Measurement Results and Discussion . . . 143