In the US as well as in Europe, migration and migration policy is one of the top M ih issues. This timely volume gathers distinguished authors from academic institu- á tions throughout Europe addressing the growing importance of migration policy lik, B making and the refugee crisis that European Union member states and other a r countries are currently facing. By focusing on the most important effects that do v the migration from Third World countries has brought to the European Union, ič they provide a critical overview of the politicization, securitization, and social (e d discourse of migration. The authors analyze the impacts on public administra- s .) tsitoant easn,d t hgeo vriesren oafn cpeo paunldis amls,o a dndis cthues sa ltiheen artisioen o of ft hceit irzaednisc afrl ormigh fto irnm EaUl mpoelmiticbse r M ig which is also caused by the growing interest in security and public safety. The r a pan-European character of the publication’s scope is vested in its narration; the tio contributors cover the situation in Western Europe, the critical positions of the n: T Visegrad countries as well as foreign policy making in Slovenia and the West- h e ern Balkans. Moreover, the authors address case studies from states such as C h Armenia and Moldova, including their labor migrants in the Western world. a The collection is completed by contrasting and discussing the immigration lle n g policies of countries that are well-known for their open and liberal immigration e o activities such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. f E u r o The editors: pe a Jaroslav Mihálik holds a PhD in Political Theory and habilitated in Public Policy n S and Public Administration. His research interests cover political analyses of t a youth studies, extremism, media analyses on social networks, and comparative tes MIGRATION politics. He published two books dedicated to political legacy of the past and civic youth engagement in Slovakia. For over 10 years he has been a researcher and team leader in various international and domestic project schemes such as the 7th Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 of the European Commis- THE CHALLENGE sion, Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Chair in Migration, International Visegrad Fund, and Slovak scientific grant scheme VEGA. Jakub Bardovič holds a PhD in Political Sciences. Currently, he works as an As- OF EUROPEAN STATES sistant Professor in the Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Social Sci- ences, University of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. His main teaching and research interests cover methodology of political sciences, issues of pluralist democracy, political and civic participation at various levels of governance, and electoral systems and their specifics and settings. Jaroslav MIHÁLIK Jakub BARDOVIČ ISBN: 978-3-8382-1344-6 (eds.) ibidem ibidem Jaroslav Mihálik, Jakub Bardovič (eds.) MIGRATION—THE CHALLENGE OF EUROPEAN STATES Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. We gratefully acknowledge receipt of the grant Jean Monnet Chair in Migration “Migration: The Challenge of European States” under the Jean Monnet Chair scheme awarded in 2016 to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia.  ISBN-13: 978-3-8382-(cid:24)344-(cid:17) © ibidem-Verlag / ibidem-Press, Stuttgart 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und elektronische Speicherformen sowie die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. FOREWORD ...................................................................................... 5 PART I: MIGRATION: THE EUROPEAN DISCOURSES 1 Politicization, Securitization, and Migration ............................ 7 2 Critical Views on the Current Migration Policy of the European Union........................................................................ 29 3 Immigration and Free Movement: Migration Discourses in the UK and the Visegrad Four ................................................. 47 PART II: MIGRATION: SOUTHERN EUROPE 1 Foreign Policy Analysis and Migration: Case Study of Slovenia and Western Balkans ................................................. 61 2 Armenian Return Migration from EU States .......................... 81 3 Moldovan Labour Migrants in EU Countries: Status and Prospects (Based on Sociological Research in Germany, Italy, Portugal, UK)................................................................... 97 PART III: MIGRATION: CZECHIA AND SLOVAKIA 1 The Theory and Practice of Migration with a Focus on Czechoslovakia in the 20th Century ....................................... 117 2 The Czech Extreme Right of the 21st Century at the Time of the Migration Crisis............................................................ 133 3 Migration as an Issue in the 2017 General Elections in the Czech Republic ................................................................. 149 4 Impacts of Migration on Public Administration................... 171 PART IV: MIGRATION: BEYOND EUROPE 1 Immigration Policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States ............................................................. 187 REFERENCES ................................................................................ 203 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................. 231 8 J. ANDROVICOV A, M. BOLECEKOV A the perception of migration as threat to culture. Both areas are interlinked by the fact that the Muslim community is perceived as the most threatening community, at least in Europe. The main aim of the following chapter is to contribute to the discussion on the "character" of migration. We will argue that simplistic labelling of migration as a security threat is not correct. To introduce broader context and prevailing attitudes towards migration processes, we will firstly explain the meaning of the terms "politicization" and "securitization" of migration. Following that, to substantiate our statement with arguments, we attempt to present a more objective and systematised view of the benefits and risks directly or indirectly linked to migration processes. The last part of the chapter offers one of the possible solutions how to address the problem of the politicization and securitization of migration. 1.1 Politicization of migration The growing importance of migration as a political issue, and the clash of different opinions and ideologies concerning immigration, is referred to as the politicization of migration (see e.g. Castles, 2000; Bade, 2005). Historically, we can connect it to post-war migration in Western Europe. After World War II the most rapidly developing European countries (at that time it was mainly Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland) recruited foreign workers from less developed European countries (at that time Spain, Italy, Greece), as well as from non European countries (mainly culturally related countries, e.g. former colonies). These foreign workers helped to create and maintain the economic boom of the 50s and 60s. However, problems arose in the 70s. The oil crisis and economic recession meant that part of the foreign work force started to be made redundant. Furthermore, the original assumption that foreign workers would only stay temporarily proved incorrect. It was just not so easy to send people back home and to close the borders. Immigrants had slowly formed communities and lives in new countries and social networks which connected their new countries POLITICIZA TION, SECURITIZATION, MIGRATION 9 with their homelands. When the governments of Western Europe's immigration countries decided to close the borders and to stop active recruitment of foreign workers, immigrants tried to find new ways to come. They started to use family reunification rules, or they applied for asylum. It is exactly this period when the term "bogus refugee" started being used. This behaviour on the part of immigrants was perceived as "abusing" the legislation as international asylum law was designed primarily for politically persecuted persons, and this was one of the reasons why part of the domestic public and politicians started to focus their attention on the immigration problem. The second reason for growing negative attitudes towards immigrants was connected with the fact that the original assumption that workers would only stay temporarily meant that social investment into their integration had been neglected. The urban areas where immigrants were settled started to change, and enclaves of decline appeared. The clear outcome was that immigrants were still there but placed at the margins of society with poor chances for development, even for their children. Immigration started to be problematized and politicized. Many right-wing and extremist parties and politicians adopted nationalist rhetoric and built their agenda on criticising and rejecting immigration. Despite this, the situation of immigrants did not change in the sense that they left or ceased coming. Later, when the economic and political situation in Western Europe stabilized, ethnic minorities gradually formed and stabilized their communities and also improved their social and economic situation and their civil and political rights. They also had their advocates-anti-racist movements were emerging, and new ideas of pluralism and multiculturalism advocated equality regardless of ethnic, cultural, religious origins- and their supporters saw diversity as a value with the potential for social growth and development. The politicization of migration can thus be observed at different levels and in different social areas. In public discussion, the most apparent is immigration as a topic of political parties' campaigns. With the risk of simplifying we can say that conservative right-wing parties have been the most cautious and restrictive towards immigration. Liberal