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Middletons Allergy Essentials PDF

421 Pages·2017·22.65 MB·english
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Any screen. Any time. Anywhere. Activate the eBook version of this title at no additional charge. Expert Consult eBooks give you the power to browse and find content, view enhanced images, share notes and highlights—both online and offline. Unlock your eBook today. 1 Visit expertconsult.inkling.com/redeem Scan this QR code to redeem your eBook through your mobile device: 2 Scratch off your code 3 Type code into “Enter Code” box 4 Click “Redeem” 5 Log in or Sign up 6 Go to “My Library” Place Peel Off It’s that easy! Sticker Here For technical assistance: email [email protected] call 1-800-401-9962 (inside the US) call +1-314-447-8200 (outside the US) Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on expertconsult.inkling.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at expertconsult.inkling.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. 2015v1.0 Middleton’s Allergy Essentials This page intentionally left blank FIRST EDITION Middleton’s Allergy Essentials Robyn E. O’Hehir, BSc, MBBS(Hons), FRACP, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath, FAHMS, FThorSoc Professor and Director, Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University Deputy Head, Central Clinical School, Monash University Deputy Director Research, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Stephen T. Holgate, CBE, BSc, MBBS, MD, DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FAAAAI, FERS, FMedSci, MEA MRC Clinical Professor of Immunopharmacology and Honorary Consultant Physician, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Faculty of Medicine Southampton University and Hospital Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom Aziz Sheikh, OBE, BSc, MBBS, MD, MSc, FRCGP, FRCP, FRCPE, FRSE, FFPH, FMedSci, FACMI Professor of Primary Care Research & Development Director, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research Co-Director, Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Honorary Consultant in Paediatric Allergy, NHS, Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom For additional online content visit http://expertconsult.com Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto © 2017, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-323-37579-5 E-ISBN: 978-0-323-39273-0 Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Content Strategist: Belinda Kuhn Content Development Specialists: Joanne Scott, Devika Ponnambalam Project Manager: Anne Collett Design: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Emily Costantino Illustrators: Oxford Illustrators, Chartwell; Dartmouth Publishing, Inc., Graphic World Inc. Marketing Manager(s) (UK/USA): Kristin Koehler CONTENTS Foreword.........................................................................................................vi Preface............................................................................................................vii Contributors..................................................................................................viii Dedication.........................................................................................................x 1. Introduction.to.Mechanisms.of.Allergic.Diseases.....................................1 Terufumi Kubo, Hideaki Morita, Kazunari Sugita, and Cezmi A. Akdis 2. The.Origins.of.Allergic.Disease..............................................................29 John W. Holloway and Susan L. Prescott 3. Epidemiology.of.Allergic.Diseases..........................................................51 Adnan Custovic 4. Indoor.and.Outdoor.Allergens.and.Pollutants........................................73 Geoffrey A. Stewart and Clive Robinson 5. Principles.of.Allergy.Diagnosis.............................................................117 Anca Mirela Chiriac, Jean Bousquet, and Pascal Demoly 6. Allergen-specific.Immunotherapy..........................................................133 Anthony J. Frew and Helen E. Smith 7. Asthma..................................................................................................151 Stephen T. Holgate and Mike Thomas 8. Allergic.Rhinitis.and.Conjunctivitis......................................................205 Jonathan Corren 9. Drug.Allergy.........................................................................................225 Oliver Hausmann 10. Urticaria.and.Angioedema.without.Wheals..........................................249 Clive E. H. Grattan and Sarbjit S. Saini 11. Atopic.Dermatitis.and.Allergic.Contact.Dermatitis..............................265 Donald Y. M. Leung and Mark Boguniewicz 12. Food.Allergy.and.Gastrointestinal.Syndromes......................................301 Anna Nowak-We˛grzyn, A. Wesley Burks, and Hugh A. Sampson 13. Anaphylaxis..........................................................................................345 Simon G. A. Brown and Paul J. Turner 14. Occupational.Allergy............................................................................361 Catherine Lemière and Olivier Vandenplas 15. Insect.Allergy........................................................................................377 David B. K. Golden APPENDIX.A:.Internet.Resources................................................................395 Index.............................................................................................................397 v FOREWORD I am honored to provide this foreword to the Elsevier text Middleton’s Allergy Essen- tials, edited by Professors O’Hehir, Holgate, and Sheikh. Not because I am an allergist or immunologist—I am a clinical informatician and academic general internist—nor because it will pad my curriculum vitae with another piece of writing. Rather, it gives me an opportunity to honor my father, Elliott Middleton Jr., M.D., and to share with readers of this text a glimpse into the man who inspired me and many others to pursue a career in medicine, and for his many fellows and trainees, a career in allergy and immunology. My dad had a passion both for life and for his work in clinical medicine, including research and teaching as well as a humility based upon a desire to help patients—those with asthma especially—and the myriad problems that may be associ- ated with allergic disorders and the diseases of clinical immunology. As I was growing up, my father always worked hard but always seemed to be having fun. There were frequent rounds in hospital early and late in the day, and extra time often spent in the lab Saturday mornings to ‘catch up’ after a busy week. Most nights were spent with the family for dinner, and then afterwards several hours on the living room couch editing one manuscript or chapter, or sorting slides on one of those now old-fashioned slide view-boxes, preparing for a lecture. For many years, it was a chapter for the text now known as Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice. He absolutely loved putting this text together: crafting the outline of chapters, meeting with the co- editors, and reviewing chapters and occasionally cajoling authors to get things done. It may be his proudest accomplishment. On a couple of occasions we met at one of his national meetings, and I saw him in his element: gregarious, well known, interested in others, and respected. The passion my dad had about his work was infectious: he would always take the time to explain in simple terms what was going on with his laboratory and clinical investigations, whether it was the early work on mast cell functions and histamine release, leukotrienes, or bioflanonoids (we all came to recognize the terms quercetin, rutin, and others) and their impact on inflammation; the reverse transcriptase; or free radicals. Equally impor- tant, we came to know the good dietary sources for these compounds. He instilled in me a sense of wonder, not only about the incredible processes of chemistry and biology that impact the human system and may manifest when aberrant as disease states or worse, but also about the human interaction with the natural world that seemed filled with potential allergens—pollen, grasses, sage, cat dander, and more (his fellows have told me his ‘weed walks’ were fun and informative). He viewed his research—whether it was basic laboratory investigation or clinical trials—from the patient’s perspective and honored the patient as the center of his clinical attention. One cannot really know the perception people have of one’s parents as we as children are always too close, too intertwined with them, or even as adults as we try to both distance ourselves from them and take from them all that they have to offer that is good, as we come to define ourselves. In my training, I have been surprised to see people’s faces light up and smile if the occasion ever arose for me to acknowledge that Elliott Middleton Jr. was my dad. It is a delight—he left an indelible mark on the world that I aspire to leave as well. Blackford Middleton, MD, MPH, MSc vi  vii PREFACE In 1978, the late Elliott Middleton Jr., along with founding editors Elliot Ellis and Charles Reed, published a landmark comprehensive book, Middleton’s Allergy: Prin- ciples and Practice. This 2-volume set has been the definitive text on allergy practice and disease mechanisms worldwide, and, as a result, is now in its 8th edition. Over the last decade, the understanding of allergic diseases and their diagnosis, prevention, and management has advanced considerably. In addition, the prevalence, spectrum, and severity of allergy have increased so that allergic disorders have become a public health problem affecting a high proportion of the global population. There is, in some quarters, a perception that allergy has little impact on the lives of sufferers, but nothing could be further from the truth. Diseases such as asthma, food allergy, drug allergy, and insect allergy can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated properly. Allergy often affects multiple organs in the same individual, magnifying the overall health burden that patients experience. Of note, allergy manifests in all age groups, being influenced by strong genetic, environmental, and epigenetic drivers. Recognizing that most allergic disease is managed by busy clinicians in primary and secondary care settings, we have identified a need for a book that is both easily accessible and authoritative for the practitioner. The result is Middleton’s Allergy Essentials. In this first edition, we have extracted what we considered to be most useful to the healthcare practitioner in his or her daily practice, with a strong emphasis on disease diagnosis and management. Because the field is evolving so rapidly, we have also included some sections on mechanisms, but only when this adds value to each disease covered. In creating this text, the authors were asked to identify relevant sections in Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice, 8th edition, update these, and present the revised, abridged chapters with a generalist audience in mind. Naturally, such a text has to be selective, but we hope that the topics covered address the needs of both trainee and established practitioners across the healthcare sector, to enable them to access novel information to beneficially inform their practice. The text portion of each section is relatively brief and easy to review, with illustra- tions and tables aimed at providing additional and more detailed information when considered informative. We have attempted to adopt a similar format for each chapter. Throughout, there is emphasis on a practical approach to evaluation, differential diag- nosis, and treatment of allergic disorders, to maximize its use. To achieve this, we have called upon the same internationally outstanding authors of the original Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice, 8th edition, chapters. The editors wish to express their sincere thanks to all of our authors for the very considerable amount of work they have undertaken to produce this easily accessible book. None of this would have been possible without Joanne Scott, Belinda Kuhn, and Devika Ponnambalam, who were the brainchildren and instigators of the project, and their team at Elsevier who have worked seamlessly with us throughout the commission- ing and editorial process. As editors of this ‘offspring’ of Middleton’s Allergy: Principles and Practice, 8th edition, we express our very sincere thanks to all the editors and authors of the parent publication but especially to its three founders, who had the vision to produce such a consistent beacon of success in the field of allergy. We are also indebted to Professor Blackford Middleton—son of Elliott Middleton, Jr.—for writing the Fore- word to Middleton’s Allergy Essentials. The best testament to Elliott and his coauthors would be its widespread use and impact across the way allergy treatment is delivered to our patients worldwide; after all, it is they who continue to motivate us to want to deliver ever better care. Robyn E. O’Hehir Stephen T. Holgate Aziz Sheikh vii CONTRIBUTORS Cezmi A. Akdis, MD Pascal Demoly, MD, PhD Professor and Director, Swiss Institute of Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Asthma Research Department of Respiratory Medicine University of Zürich; Director, and Addictology, Arnaud de Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Villeneuve Hospital, University Research and Education; President, Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, European Academy of Allergy and France Clinical Immunology, Zürich, Switzerland Anthony J. Frew, MD, FRCP Professor of Allergy and Respiratory Mark Boguniewicz, MD Medicine, Department of Respiratory Professor, Division of Allergy– Medicine, Royal Sussex County Immunology, Department of Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom Pediatrics, National Jewish Health University of Colorado School of David B. K. Golden, MD Medicine, Denver, CO, USA Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Jean Bousquet, MD Immunology, Department of Medicine, Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of CHRU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Montpellier, France Clive E. H. Grattan, MD Simon G. A. Brown, MBBS, PhD, FACEM Consultant Dermatologist, Dermatology Professor of Emergency Medicine. Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University of Western Australia, Royal University Hospital, Norfolk, UK Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia Oliver Hausmann, MD A. Wesley Burks, MD Specialist Consultant for Allergology and Professor and Chair, Pediatrics; Immunology, Department of Physician-in-Chief, North Carolina Rheumatology, Immunology and Children’s Hospital, University of Allergology, Inselspital, University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Private Hill, NC, USA Practice, Loewenpraxis, Lucerne, Switzerland Anca Mirela Chiriac, MD Allergologist, Department of Respiratory Stephen T. Holgate, CBE, BSc, MB BS, MD, Medicine and Addictology, Arnaud de DSc, FRCP, FRCPath, FAAAAI, FERS, Villeneuve Hospital, University FMedSci, MEA MRC Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, Clinical Professor of France Immunopharmacology and Honorary Consultant Physician Clinical and Jonathan Corren, MD Experimental Sciences Faculty of Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Southampton University David Geffen School of Medicine, and Hospital Trust, Southampton, University of California, Los Angeles, United Kingdom Los Angeles, CA, USA Adnan Custovic, MD, PhD Professor of Allergy, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom viii

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