Middle Range Theory for Nursing Mary Jane Smith, PhD, RN, earned her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from University of Pittsburgh and her doctorate from New York University. She has held faculty positions at the following nursing schools: University of Pittsburgh, Duquesne University, Cornell University–New York Hospital, and The Ohio State University. Currently, Dr. Smith is a professor of nursing at West Virginia University School of Nursing; she has been teaching theory to nursing students for over 3 decades. Patricia R. Liehr, PhD, RN, graduated from Ohio Valley Hospital, School of Nursing in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She completed her bachelor’s degree in nursing at Villa Maria College, her master’s in family health nursing at Duquesne University, and her doctorate at the School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore. She did postdoctoral education at the University of Pennsylvania as a Robert Wood Johnson scholar. Currently, Dr. Liehr is the associate dean for nursing research and scholarship at the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing at Florida Atlantic University; she has taught nursing theory to master’s and doctoral students for over 2 decades. Middle Range Theory for Nursing Third Edition Mary Jane Smith, PhD, RN Patricia R. Liehr, PhD, RN Editors Copyright © 2014 Springer Publishing Company, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, LLC, or authorization through payment of the appropriate fees to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, [email protected] or on the Web at www.copyright.com. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Middle range theory for nursing/[edited by] Mary Jane Smith, Patricia R. Liehr. — 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8261-9551-7 — ISBN 978-0-8261-9552-4 (ebook) I. Smith, Mary Jane, 1938- II. Liehr, Patricia R. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Theory. 2. Nursing Research. WY 86] RT84.5 610.7301—dc23 2013002644 Special discounts on bulk quantities of our books are available to corporations, professional associations, pharmaceutical companies, health care organizations, and other qualifying groups. If you are interested in a custom book, including chapters from more than one of our titles, we can provide that service as well. For details, please contact: Special Sales Department, Springer Publishing Company, LLC 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10036-8002 Phone: 877-687-7476 or 212-431-4370; Fax: 212-941-7842 E-mail: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America by Bang Printing. Contents Contributors vii Foreword Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, PhD, MBA, RN, FAAN xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Section One: Setting the Stage for Middle Range Theories 1 1. Disciplinary Perspectives Linked to Middle Range Theory 3 Marlaine C. Smith 2. Understanding Middle Range Theory by Moving Up and Down the Ladder of Abstraction 15 Mary Jane Smith and Patricia R. Liehr 3. Evaluation of Middle Range Theories for the Discipline of Nursing 35 Marlaine C. Smith Section Two: Middle Range Theories Ready for Application 51 4. Theories of Uncertainty in Illness 53 Merle H. Mishel 5. Theory of Meaning 87 Patricia L. Starck 6. Theory of Self-Transcendence 109 Pamela G. Reed v vi contents 7. Theory of Symptom Management 141 Janice Humphreys, Susan Janson, DorAnne Donesky, Kathleen Dracup, Kathryn A. Lee, Kathleen Puntillo, Julia A. Faucett, Bradley Aouizerat, Christine Miaskowski, Christina Baggott, Virginia C arrieri-Kohlman, Mary Barger, Linda Franck, Christine Kennedy; the UCSF School of Nursing Symptom Management Faculty Group 8. The Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms 165 Elizabeth R. Lenz and Linda C. Pugh 9. Theory of Self-Efficacy 197 Barbara Resnick 10. Story Theory 225 Mary Jane Smith and Patricia R. Liehr 11. Theory of Transitions 253 Eun-Ok Im 12. Theory of Self-Reliance 277 John Lowe 13. Theory of Cultural Marginality 289 Heeseung Choi 14. Theory of Caregiving Dynamics 309 Loretta A. Williams 15. Theory of Moral Reckoning 329 Alvita Nathaniel Section Three: Concept Building for Research—Through the Lens of Middle Range Theory 347 16. Concept Building for Research 349 Patricia R. Liehr and Mary Jane Smith 17. Yearning for Sleep While Enduring Distress: A Concept for Nursing Research 361 April Lynne Shapiro 18. Reconceptualizing Normal 383 Shelley J. Greif 19. Yearning to Be Recognized: From Concept Building to Proposal Development to Data Gathering and Analysis 397 Anthony R. Ramsey 20. Catastrophic Cultural Immersion: From Concept Building to Proposal Development to Data Gathering and Analysis 415 Lisa Marie Wands Appendix: Middle Range Theories: 1988–2012 435 Index 443 Contributors Bradley Aouizerat, PhD Heeseung Choi, PhD, RN Professor Professor School of Nursing College of Nursing University of California, Seoul National University San Francisco Seoul, Korea San Francisco, CA DorAnne Donesky, PhD, RN Christina Baggott, PhD, RN, PNP Assistant Adjunct Professor Assistant Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing University of California, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA Kathleen Dracup, FNP, RN, Mary Barger, PhD, RN, CNM FAAN Assistant Professor Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing University of California, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA Virginia Carrieri-Kohlman, Julia A. Faucett, PhD, RN, DNSc, RN, FAAN FAAN Professor Emeritus Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing University of California, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA vii viii contributors Linda Franck, PhD, RN, FAAN Kathryn A. Lee, PhD, RN, Professor and Chair FAAN School of Nursing Professor University of California, School of Nursing San Francisco University of California, San Francisco, CA San Francisco San Francisco, CA Shelley J. Greif, MPH, RN Doctoral Student Elizabeth R. Lenz, PhD, RN, Florida Atlantic University FAAN Boca Raton, FL Professor Ohio State University Janice Humphreys, PhD, RN, College of Nursing FAAN Columbus, OH Professor and Vice Chair for Patricia R. Liehr, PhD, RN Academic Personnel Associate Dean for Nursing School of Nursing Research & Scholarship University of California, Christine E. Lynn College San Francisco of Nursing San Francisco, CA Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Eun-Ok Im, PhD, FAAN Professor John Lowe, PhD, RN, FAAN School of Nursing Professor University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, PA Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Susan Janson, DNSc, RN, ANP, FAAN Christine A. Miaskowski, PhD, Professor and Harms/Alumnae RN, FAAN Chair Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing University of California, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco San Francisco, CA San Francisco, CA Christine Kennedy, PhD, RN, Merle H. Mishel, PhD, RN, FAAN FAAN Professor Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing University of California, The University of North Carolina San Francisco at Chapel Hill San Francisco, CA Chapel Hill, NC contributors ix Alvita Nathaniel, PhD, RN, April Lynne Shapiro, MSN, RN FAANP Doctoral Student Associate Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing West Virginia University West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Charleston, WV Marlaine C. Smith, PhD, RN, Linda C. Pugh, PhD, RNC, FAAN FAAN Dean and Professor Professor Christine E. Lynn College of School of Nursing Nursing York College of Pennsylvania Florida Atlantic University York, PA Boca Raton, FL Kathleen Puntillo, DNSc, RN, Mary Jane Smith, PhD, RN FAAN Professor of Nursing Professor School of Nursing School of Nursing West Virginia University University of California, Morgantown, WV San Francisco San Francisco, CA Patricia L. Starck, DSN, RN, FAAN Anthony R. Ramsey, PhD, Dean and Professor FNP-C University of Texas Health Assistant Professor Sciences Center–Houston Waldron College of Health and School of Nursing Human Services Houston, TX Radford University Radford, VA Lisa Marie Wands, PhD, RN Pamela G. Reed, PhD, RN, Postdoctoral Fellow FAAN Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Professor Vanderbilt University College of Nursing Nashville, TN The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Loretta A. Williams, PhD, RN, Barbara Resnick, PhD, RN, AOCN FAAN Assistant Professor Professor Department of Symptom Research School of Nursing The University of Texas University of Maryland MD Anderson Cancer Center Baltimore, MD Houston, TX