Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun Sino- Japanese Relations, Past and Present JUNE TEUFEL DREYER 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dreyer, June Teufel, 1939– author. Title: Middle kingdom and empire of the rising sun : Sino-Japanese relations, past and present / June Teufel Dreyer. Description: New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2016. Identifiers: LCCN 2015043811 (print) | LCCN 2016006841 (ebook) | ISBN 978–0–19–537566–4 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 978–0–19–970490–3 (E-book) | ISBN 978–0–19–060359–5 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: China—Foreign relations—Japan. | Japan—Foreign relations—China. Classification: LCC DS740.5.J3 D74 2016 (print) | LCC DS740.5.J3 (ebook) | DDC 327.51052—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043811 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America For Edward, Always Contents Part One 1. Getting to the Present  3 Introduction  3 The Establishment of the Chinese World Order  4 The Establishment of the Japanese State  6 Early Sino- Japanese Contacts  7 China Gains Influence over Japan  8 The Taika Reforms  9 Eighth-Century Reforms  11 Nativist Elements Return  12 Not Quite Separate, Whether or Not Equal  14 The Ming, the Fall of the Ashikaga, and the Reunification of Japan  19 Sino- Japanese Relations in the Early Tokugawa Era  21 The Sakoku Period  24 Arai Hakuseki’s Proposed Reforms  25 Fall of the Ming Dynasty  28 Kokugaku  29 Conclusions  32 2. China, Japan, and the Coming of the West, 1835– 1945 3 3 The West Intrudes  33 The Macartney Mission  34 viii Contents The Opium War and the Unequal Treaties  35 The Tongzhi Restoration, 1862–1874 36 Matthew Perry Arrives in Japan  38 The Meiji Restoration, 1868– 1912  40 Sino- Japanese Relations During the Restorations  41 Sino- Japanese Tensions Build  43 Japan Ponders Its Relationship with China and Korea  44 The Sino- Japanese War, 1894– 1895  45 The Effect of Defeat on China  50 Sino- Japanese Relations after the 1895 War  52 Sino-J apanese Diplomacy, 1898–1 911  55 The Russo- Japanese War  57 A New Balance of Power  59 The Siberian Intervention  64 Shidehara Diplomacy  65 Sino- Japanese Relations in the Post-Sun Yat- sen Era  66 The Mukden Incident  68 Expansion in North China  70 A Chinese Communist- KMT Alliance against Japan  71 The Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 1937  72 Wang Jingwei  75 The Second Sino- Japanese War  77 The Chinese Civil War  79 Conclusions  80 3. Wary Engagement, 1945– 1969  82 Finding a Place in the Post- War Balance of Power  82 The New Japanese Government Regards China  82 The New Chinese Government Regards Japan  86 Negotiations for a Post- World War II Settlement  87 Sino- Japanese Relations during the Korean War  88 The Bandung Era  95 The Nuclear Issue  98 Resurgence on the Left  99 Irritants Continue  100 The Communist Monolith Splinters  106 The French Connection  111 Intra- Left Disputes  112 Contents ix China Becomes a Nuclear Power  114 Satō Takes the Helm  115 Chinese Foreign Relations during the Cultural Revolution  119 The LDP Reassesses Its China Policy  121 U.S. Concerns  124 4. The Tortuous Path to Normalization, 1969– 1972  127 Satō Tries to Engage China  127 The Soviet Connection  130 Chinese Reaction  131 The Okinawa Reversion Agreement  132 Business as Usual  132 Denouement of the Normalization Issue  148 5. The Golden Age of Sino- Japanese Relations, 1972– 1989  156 Negotiating the Details  156 The Peace and Friendship Treaty  159 Friendship and Friction  166 The Euphoria Ends  166 The Diaoyu/ Senkaku Issue and the Yasukuni Shrine  167 Great Power Politics  169 The Textbook Issue  171 Strains Accumulate  172 Hu Yaobang Reestablishes Amicable Relations  173 The Kokaryo/ Guanghua Dormitory Case  176 The Demise of Hu Yaobang  177 Insensitive Remarks by Japanese Officials  179 The Tiananmen Demonstrations and Sino- Japanese Relations  182 Aftermath of the Tiananmen Demonstrations  184 6. Tarnished Gold, 1990– 2006  188 Returning to the Status Quo Ante  188 Familiar Tensions Return  191 Maritime Issues  193 The Asian Currency Crisis  195 Jiang Zemin Visits Japan  196 Trade Difficulties  200 The Koizumi Era  201 Mutual Distrust Grows  203