Microwaves in Chemistry Applications Advances in Green and Sustainable Chemistry Microwaves in Chemistry Applications Fundamentals, Methods, and Future Trends Aparna Das Department ofMathematicsand Natural Sciences, College ofSciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad BinFahd University,AlKhobar, Kingdomof SaudiArabia Bimal Krishna Banik Department ofMathematicsand Natural Sciences, College ofSciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad BinFahd University,AlKhobar, Kingdomof SaudiArabia Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-822895-1 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SusanDennis AcquisitionsEditor:AnnekaHess EditorialProjectManager:LenaSparks ProductionProjectManager:SruthiSatheesh CoverDesigner:VictoriaPearson TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Authors’ biographies AparnaDas, Ph.D. Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies,PrinceMohammadBinFahdUniver- sity, AlKhobar, Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia. Aparna Das obtained her Ph.D. in mate- rial science/nanophysics fromthe Joseph Fourier University based upon the work on “Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Opto- chemical Sensor Application” at French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), in France. Her postdoc- toral experiences include working as a research scientist at the California NanoSys- tems Institute and Electric Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in the United States,andasanexperiencedresearcherattheNanowiring-MarieCurieInitial Training Network, Georg August Universit€at G€ottingen, in Germany. Currently, she is working as an assistant professor at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, inSaudi Arabia. Dr. Das’s research interests include computer-assisted physicochemical methods,quantummechanicalcalculations,interdisciplinaryscience(biology, chemistry, and physics) for drug development, computer-aided drug design, microwave applications, photochemical reactions, III-nitride-based chemical sensors, solar cells, optoelectronic devices, and synthesis of thin layers and nanostructures including quantum wells, quantum dots, and nanowires. Dr. Das also has experience in molecular-beam epitaxy, plasma-enhanced chemicalvapordeposition,sputtering,atomicforcemicroscopy,scanningelec- tronmicroscopy,X-raydiffractionandspectroscopy,UVandIRphotolumines- cence, transmission spectroscopy, time-resolved photoluminescence, Raman spectroscopy, hall effect measurements, spin coating, reactive-ion etching, electronbeamevaporator,rapidthermalprocessing,electron-beamlithography, photolithography, wire bonding, profilometer and wafer saw, optical fibers (cleaving,cutting,splicing,launchinglight,lossmeasurements,andcharacter- ization of various parameters), and in the operation of various lasers, xi xii Authors’biographies light-emitting diodes, spectrophotometers, fluorometers, interferometers, and photomultiplier tubes. Dr. Das is the author of a book and she has written several book chapters published by internationally reputed publishers. She has published approxi- mately 50 papers and has 52 contributions to international conferences. She has received several conference invitations to present her research works. Importantly, a significant portion of her research contributions is undergoing editorial reviews by many journals. Dr. Das has served as a guest editor of twointernationaljournalsandshehasactedasareviewer.Dr.Dashasobtained severalcompetitivegrantsandhasfiledapatentapplication.Shehasreceived the young women researcher award, European Microscopy Society (EMS) outstanding paper awards, and several international fellowships such as the Marie-Curie fellowship, CEA-CNRS research fellowship, and Brain Korea 21 fellowship. Dr. Das’s research works have been recognized by Bentham Publishers(PressreleaseattheAAASSite),HeidelbergUniversity,andPrince Mohammad Bin Fahd University. BimalKrishnaBanik,Ph.D.,C.Chem.,F.R. S.C., F.I.C.S., F.I.S.R.O.S.E.T., F.R.S.C.S. Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies,DeanshipofResearch Development, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Bimal Krishna Banik conducted his doctoral research at the Indian Association fortheCultivationofScience,Calcutta.Then, he pursued postdoctoral research at Case Western Reserve University (United States) and Stevens Institute of Technology (United States). Dr. Banik was a tenured Full Profes- sor in chemistry and First President’s Endowed Professor in Science & Engi- neering at the University of Texas-Pan American and the Vice President of Research & Education Development of the Community Health Systems of South Texas.At present, Dr. Banik is Professor and Senior Researcher of the DeanshipofResearchDevelopment&CollegeofNaturalSciencesatthePrince Mohammed Bin Fahd UniversityinKingdom ofSaudi Arabia. ProfessorBanikhastaughtorganicandmedicinalchemistrytoB.S.,M.S., and Ph.D. students in United States universities for many years.His teaching skills are exceptionally strong and these are proved by several thousand stu- dents’ and peer’s evaluations. He has mentored approximately 400 students, 20 postdoctoral fellows, and 7 Ph.D. research scientists and has advised 22 universityfaculties. Professor Banikhas acted asthe advisor oftwostudents’ organizationsand societies that have 1400students. Authors’biographies xiii Professor Banik has conducted synthetic chemistry and chemical biology researchonovary,colon,breast,blood,prostate,brain,pancreas,andskincan- cers(alsoonNCI60cancercelllines);antibiotics;hormones;catalysis;green chemistry;naturalproducts;andmicrowave-inducedreactions. As aprincipal investigator(PI),hehasbeenawarded$7.25millioningrantsfromUSANIH andUSANCI.Importantly,hehas492peer-reviewedpublicationsalongwith 502presentationabstracts.Thenumberofcitationsofhispublicationsismore than 7500. His research has been exposed in media approximately 200 times. Professor Banik has served as the PI of a joint green chemistry symposium between United States and India. He has presided over 20 symposiums at the American Chemical Society (ACS) National Meetings and over 2 dozen conferences at the state, national, and international levels, including 1 at the NobelPrizecelebrationinGermany.Inthecapacityofchair,hehasintroduced morethan300speakers.Heisareviewerof93,editorialboardmemberof28, editor-in-chiefof12,founderof4,associateeditorof4,andguesteditorof10 journals. As the editor-in-chief, he has recruited approximately 200 associate editors,regionaleditors,andeditorialboardmembersfromdifferentcountries. HeisanexaminerofNSF,NCI,NRC,DOE,ACS,andinternationalgrantappli- cations; reviewer of promotion and tenure of faculty of national and interna- tional universities; examiner of doctoral theses; and panel member of NSF andNCI/NIHgrantsections.Overtheyears,hehasservedasthechair/member ofmorethan100scientificcommittees.ProfessorBanikhasservedasthechair of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center’s drug discovery symposiums and directed the NCI-funded analytical chemistry core research laboratory. ProfessorBanikisrankedwithinthetop2%ofresearchersintheworld.He hasreceivedtheIndianChemicalSociety’s(ICS)LifetimeAchievementAward in2018;MahatmaGandhiPravasiHonorMedalfromtheUKParliament;ICS’s ProfessorP.K.BoseEndowmentMedal;Dr.M.N.GhoshGoldMedal;Univer- sity of Texas Board of Regents’ Outstanding Teaching Award; 5 top-cited papersawardsbyElsevierJournals;approximately50certificatesofexcellence inhisprofession;IndianAssociationCommunityServiceAward;ACSMember ServiceAward;NCIwebpagerecognition;bestresearcherandmentorawardby the UTPA; chosen as one of the World’s Most Influential People on Earth in Year-2016 by US News Corporation; Burdwan University Eminent Alumnus recognition; First President’s Endowed Professorship at the UTPA in its 87yearsofhistory;UTPA’sawardforexcellenceininternationalstudies.Some of his international research presentations are considered as keynote, plenary, inaugural, and award-winning lectures. Dr. Banik has received more than 200invitationstodeliverlecturesinUnitedStates,India,UnitedKingdom,Ger- many,China,HongKong,Greece,Italy,France,Jamaica,Sweden,Japan,Sin- gapore, Pakistan, Norway, Bangladesh, Canada, Mexico, Vietnam, South Korea, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Portugal, Switzerland,Venezuela,Brazil,Spain,NewZealand,Egypt,Austria,Australia, xiv Authors’biographies andTurkey.Heisalsoinvitedtowriteresearchandtextbooksbymajorpub- lishers,includingWiley,Elsevier,Springer,SpringerNature,Taylor&Francis, De Gruter, Bentham, Thompson, Linus, Nova, Pearson, Cengage, Houghton Mifflin, and PMU Press. Preface Microwavesareelectromagneticwaveswithwavelengthsrangingfromasshort as one millimeter to as long as one meter (a frequency range of 300MHz to 300GHz). That is, microwaves occupy a place in theelectromagnetic spectrumwithfrequencyaboveordinaryradiowaves,andbelowinfraredlight. Microwavesarewidelyusedinmodernscienceandengineeringtechnology,for example, inpoint-to-pointcommunication links,wireless networks,microwave radio relaynetworks,radar,satellite and spacecraft communication, chemical reaction, medicaldiathermyand cancer treatment,remote sensing,radio astronomy,particle accelerators,spectroscopy, industrial heating,collision avoidancesystems,garagedooropenersandkeylessentrysystems,andforcook- ingfoodinmicrowave. Themain focus ofour book is the applicationof microwavein chemistry, biology, and engineering. Microwave chemistryis the science of applying microwaveradiationtochemical reactions. Applications ofmicrowavechem- istryinorganicchemistry,inorganicchemistry,andengineeringaredescribed in this book. Microwave technology has certain benefits over conventional ovens: reaction rateacceleration, milder reaction conditions, higherchemical yield,lowerenergyusage,anddifferentreaction selectivity.Selectedbenefits of the microwave technologywill be discussedin ourbook with examples. Although the use of microwave heating in chemical modification can be traced back to the 1950s, the real reaction kinetics and mechanism behind themicrowaveeffectisstillamystery.Asthisbookiscoveringseveralsignif- icanttopicslikemodelingandinterpretingmicrowaveeffectsandfuturetrends, this will bea promisingacquisition inthe field of microwavetechnology. Thisbookhas10chapterswrittenbyAparnaDasandBimalKrishnaBanik, and it is divided into3 parts. Part I describes the introduction tomicrowavechemistry, and it has three chapters: foundational principles ofmicrowavechemistry, microwaveequip- ment for chemistry, and modeling and interpretingmicrowaveeffects. These threechapterssummarizetheoriginofmicrowavechemistryandthebasicprin- ciple behind the microwave effect; different equipment related to the micro- wave chemistry and their functions, and different theoretical studies and computerized simulationworks for interpreting microwave effects. PartIIdescribesthemethodsinmicrowavechemistry,andithasfourchap- ters: microwave-assisted synthesis of oxygen and sulfur heterocycles, xv xvi Preface microwave-assisted synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles, reductions and oxida- tionsusingmicrowavechemistry,andenzyme-mediatedreactionsusingmicro- wave chemistry. These four chapters describe the microwave-assisted synthesis,recentmicrowave-assistedcatalyticreactionsperformedindifferent media, several examples of microwave-assisted organic reduction and oxida- tionreactions,therateofenzyme-mediatedreactions,andthereactionkinetics anddifferent enzyme-mediated reactions. PartIIIfocusesontheapplicationsofmicrowavechemistry,andithasthree chapters:sterilizationmethodinchemistry,biology,andmedicine;microwave- enhancedCVDprocessesfordiamondsynthesis;andfuturetrendsinmicrowa- vechemistry and biology. These three chapters explore the applications of microwavechemistryforsterilization,diamondsynthesis,andthefuturepoten- tial ofthe microwave. Manyinnovativeapproachesareyettocomewithlikelywithmicrowavein thefuturedays.Becauseofthetrend,itcanbepredictedthatmicrowavewould be used in new materials science, medicine, engineering, and enzyme-related science. The future application of microwave in flow and scale-up science may be affected by this technology. New ways of using microwave can also bedemonstrated.Theapplicationofmicrowaveirradiationondiverseresearch demonstratesaclearsuperiorityoverconventionalheating.Despitethis,itisnot understoodif microwaves will beused into the manufacturing processes. The authors are highly grateful to all scientists who have contributed in microwave-induced various processes as described in this book. This book has been possible because of the development of many significant new areas ofsciencewhichareunbelievable.TheauthorsarehighlyappreciativetoElse- vier,particularlytoMs.SusanDennis(Publisher),Ms.AnnekaHess(Acquisi- tionsEditor),Ms.LenaSparks(EditorialProjectManager),Ms.SruthiSatheesh (Production Project Manager), Ms. Victoria Pearson (Cover Designer) and Ms.NarmathaMohan(copyrightscoordinator).Ms.HessandMs.Sparkshelp theauthorsinmanyways,includingprovidingaconstantencouragement.Our thanksgotoDr.BelaTorokandDr.TomothyDransfield,theserieseditorsof “Advancesin Green and Sustainable Chemistry.” Aparna Das PrinceMohammad BinFahd University,Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia BimalKrishnaBanik PrinceMohammad BinFahd University,Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia