Microwave and RF Engineering Microwave and RF Engineering Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-75862-5 Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering KAICHANG,Editor TexasA&MUniversity FIBER-OPTICCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS,ThirdEdition,GovindP.Agrawal ASYMMETRICPASSIVECOMPONENTSINMICROWAVEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Hee-RanAhn COHERENTOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS,SilvelloBetti,GiancarloDeMarchis,and EugenioIannone PHASEDARRAYANTENNAS:FLOQUETANALYSIS,SYNTHESIS,BFNs,ANDACTIVE ARRAYSYSTEMS,ArunK.Bhattacharyya HIGH-FREQUENCYELECTROMAGNETICTECHNIQUES:RECENTADVANCESAND APPLICATIONS,AsokeK.Bhattacharyya RADIOPROPAGATIONANDADAPTIVEANTENNASFORWIRELESSCOMMUNICATION LINKS:TERRESTRIAL,ATMOSPHERIC,ANDIONOSPHERIC,NathanBlaunsteinandChristos G.Christodoulou COMPUTATIONALMETHODSFORELECTROMAGNETICSANDMICROWAVES,RichardC. Booton,Jr. ELECTROMAGNETICSHIELDING,SalvatoreCelozzi,RodolfoAraneo,andGiampieroLovat MICROWAVERINGCIRCUITSANDANTENNAS,KaiChang MICROWAVESOLID-STATECIRCUITSANDAPPLICATIONS,KaiChang RFANDMICROWAVEWIRELESSSYSTEMS,KaiChang RFANDMICROWAVECIRCUITANDCOMPONENTDESIGNFORWIRELESSSYSTEMS, KaiChang,InderBahl,andVijayNair MICROWAVERINGCIRCUITSANDRELATEDSTRUCTURES,SecondEdition,KaiChangand Lung-HwaHsieh MULTIRESOLUTIONTIMEDOMAINSCHEMEFORELECTROMAGNETICENGINEERING, YinchaoChen,QunshengCao,andRajMittra HIGHEFFICIENCYRFANDMICROWAVESOLIDSTATEPOWERAMPLIFIERS, PaoloColantonio,FrancoGianniniandErnestoLimiti DIODELASERSANDPHOTONICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,LarryColdrenandScottCorzine RADIOFREQUENCYCIRCUITDESIGN,W.AlanDavisandKrishnaAgarwal MULTICONDUCTORTRANSMISSION-LINESTRUCTURES:MODALANALYSIS TECHNIQUES,J.A.Branda~oFaria PHASEDARRAY-BASEDSYSTEMSANDAPPLICATIONS,NickFourikis FUNDAMENTALSOFMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINES,JonC.Freeman OPTICALSEMICONDUCTORDEVICES,MitsuoFukuda MICROSTRIPCIRCUITS,FredGardiol HIGH-SPEEDVLSIINTERCONNECTIONS,SecondEdition,AshokK.Goel FUNDAMENTALSOFWAVELETS:THEORY,ALGORITHMS,ANDAPPLICATIONS,JaidevaC. GoswamiandAndrewK.Chan HIGH-FREQUENCYANALOGINTEGRATEDCIRCUITDESIGN,RavenderGoyal(ed.) ANALYSISANDDESIGNOFINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANTENNAMODULES,K.C.Guptaand PeterS.Hall PHASEDARRAYANTENNAS,R.C.Hansen STRIPLINECIRCULATORS,JosephHelszajn THESTRIPLINECIRCULATOR:THEORYANDPRACTICE,JosephHelszajn LOCALIZEDWAVES,HugoE.Herna(cid:1)ndez-Figueroa,MichelZamboni-Rached,andErasmoRecami(eds.) MICROSTRIPFILTERSFORRF/MICROWAVEAPPLICATIONS,Jia-ShengHongand M.J.Lancaster MICROWAVEAPPROACHTOHIGHLYIRREGULARFIBEROPTICS,HuangHung-Chia NONLINEAROPTICALCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKS,EugenioIannone,FrancescoMatera, AntonioMecozzi,andMarinaSettembre FINITEELEMENTSOFTWAREFORMICROWAVEENGINEERING,TatsuoItoh,GiuseppePelosi, andPeterP.Silvester(eds.) INFRAREDTECHNOLOGY:APPLICATIONSTOELECTROOPTICS,PHOTONICDEVICES, ANDSENSORS,A.R.Jha SUPERCONDUCTORTECHNOLOGY:APPLICATIONSTOMICROWAVE,ELECTRO-OPTICS, ELECTRICALMACHINES,ANDPROPULSIONSYSTEMS,A.R.Jha OPTICALCOMPUTING:ANINTRODUCTION,M.A.KarimandA.S.S.Awwal INTRODUCTIONTOELECTROMAGNETICANDMICROWAVEENGINEERING,PaulR. Karmel,GabrielD.Colef,andRaymondL.Camisa MILLIMETERWAVEOPTICALDIELECTRICINTEGRATEDGUIDESANDCIRCUITS,Shiban K.Koul ADVANCEDINTEGRATEDCOMMUNICATIONMICROSYSTEMS,JoyLaskar,Sudipto Chakraborty,ManosTentzeris,FranklinBien,andAnh-VuPham MICROWAVEDEVICES,CIRCUITSANDTHEIRINTERACTION,CharlesA.LeeandG.Conrad Dalman ADVANCESINMICROSTRIPANDPRINTEDANTENNAS,Kai-FongLeeandWeiChen(eds.) SPHEROIDALWAVEFUNCTIONSINELECTROMAGNETICTHEORY,Le-WeiLi,Xiao-Kang Kang,andMook-SengLeong ARITHMETICANDLOGICINCOMPUTERSYSTEMS,MiLu OPTICALFILTERDESIGNANDANALYSIS:ASIGNALPROCESSINGAPPROACH,ChristiK. MadsenandJianH.Zhao THEORYANDPRACTICEOFINFRAREDTECHNOLOGYFORNONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING,XavierP.V.Maldague METAMATERIALSWITHNEGATIVEPARAMETERS:THEORY,DESIGN,ANDMICROWAVE APPLICATIONS,RicardoMarque(cid:1)s,FerranMartı´n,andMarioSorolla OPTOELECTRONICPACKAGING,A.R.Mickelson,N.R.Basavanhally,andY.C.Lee(eds.) OPTICALCHARACTERRECOGNITION,ShunjiMori,HirobumiNishida,andHiromitsuYamada ANTENNASFORRADARANDCOMMUNICATIONS:APOLARIMETRICAPPROACH, HaroldMott INTEGRATEDACTIVEANTENNASANDSPATIALPOWERCOMBINING,JulioA.Navarroand KaiChang ANALYSISMETHODSFORRF,MICROWAVE,ANDMILLIMETER-WAVEPLANAR TRANSMISSIONLINESTRUCTURES,CamNguyen FREQUENCYCONTROLOFSEMICONDUCTORLASERS,MotoichiOhtsu(ed.) WAVELETSINELECTROMAGNETICSANDDEVICEMODELING,GeorgeW.Pan OPTICALSWITCHING,GeorgiosPapadimitriou,ChrisoulaPapazoglou,andAndreasS. Pomportsis SOLARCELLSANDTHEIRAPPLICATIONS,LarryD.Partain(ed.) Acompletelistofthetitlesinthisseriesappearsattheendofthisvolume. ANALYSISOFMULTICONDUCTORTRANSMISSIONLINES,ClaytonR.Paul INTRODUCTIONTOELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY,SecondEdition,ClaytonR.Paul ADAPTIVEOPTICSFORVISIONSCIENCE:PRINCIPLES,PRACTICES,DESIGNAND APPLICATIONS,JasonPorter,HopeQueener,JuliannaLin,KarenThorn,andAbdulAwwal(eds.) ELECTROMAGNETICOPTIMIZATIONBYGENETICALGORITHMS,YahyaRahmat-Samiiand EricMichielssen(eds.) INTRODUCTIONTOHIGH-SPEEDELECTRONICSANDOPTOELECTRONICS,LeonardM. Riaziat NEWFRONTIERSINMEDICALDEVICETECHNOLOGY,AryeRosenandHarelRosen(eds.) ELECTROMAGNETICPROPAGATIONINMULTI-MODERANDOMMEDIA,HarrisonE.Rowe ELECTROMAGNETICPROPAGATIONINONE-DIMENSIONALRANDOMMEDIA, HarrisonE.Rowe HISTORYOFWIRELESS,TapanK.Sarkar,RobertJ.Mailloux,ArthurA.Oliner,Magdalena Salazar-Palma,andDipakL.Sengupta PHYSICSOFMULTIANTENNASYSTEMSANDBROADBANDPROCESSING,TapanK.Sarkar, MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,andEricL.Mokole SMARTANTENNAS,TapanK.Sarkar,MichaelC.Wicks,MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,and RobertJ.Bonneau NONLINEAROPTICS,E.G.Sauter APPLIEDELECTROMAGNETICSANDELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY,DipakL. SenguptaandValdisV.Liepa COPLANARWAVEGUIDECIRCUITS,COMPONENTS,ANDSYSTEMS,RaineeN.Simons ELECTROMAGNETICFIELDSINUNCONVENTIONALMATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES, OnkarN.SinghandAkhleshLakhtakia(eds.) MICROWAVEANDRFENGINEERING,RobertoSorrentinoandGiovanniBianchi ANALYSISANDDESIGNOFAUTONOMOUSMICROWAVECIRCUITS,AlmudenaSua(cid:1)rez ELECTRONBEAMSANDMICROWAVEVACUUMELECTRONICS,ShulimE.Tsimring FUNDAMENTALSOFGLOBALPOSITIONINGSYSTEMRECEIVERS:ASOFTWARE APPROACH,SecondEdition,JamesBao-yenTsui RF/MICROWAVEINTERACTIONWITHBIOLOGICALTISSUES,Andre(cid:1)VanderVorst,Arye Rosen,andYoujiKotsuka InP-BASEDMATERIALSANDDEVICES:PHYSICSANDTECHNOLOGY,OsamuWadaand HidekiHasegawa(eds.) COMPACTANDBROADBANDMICROSTRIPANTENNAS,Kin-LuWong DESIGNOFNONPLANARMICROSTRIPANTENNASANDTRANSMISSIONLINES, Kin-LuWong PLANARANTENNASFORWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS,Kin-LuWong FREQUENCYSELECTIVESURFACEANDGRIDARRAY,T.K.Wu(ed.) ACTIVEANDQUASI-OPTICALARRAYSFORSOLID-STATEPOWERCOMBINING,RobertA. YorkandZoyaB.Popovic’(eds.) OPTICALSIGNALPROCESSING,COMPUTINGANDNEURALNETWORKS,FrancisT.S.Yu andSugandaJutamulia SiGe,GaAs,ANDInPHETEROJUNCTIONBIPOLARTRANSISTORS,JiannYuan ELECTRODYNAMICSOFSOLIDSANDMICROWAVESUPERCONDUCTIVITY,Shu-AngZhou Microwave and RF Engineering Roberto Sorrentino University of Perugia, Italy Giovanni Bianchi Verigy Ltd, Bo¨blingen, Germany Thiseditionfirstpublished2010 (cid:1)2010,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermission toreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermitted bytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespective owners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesigned toprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstanding thatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistance isrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Sorrentino,Roberto. MicrowaveandRFengineering/R.Sorrentino,G.Bianchi. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-75862-5(cloth) 1. Microwavedevices.2. Radio–Transmittersandtransmission. I.Bianchi,Giovanni.II.Title. TK7876.S6662010 621.381’3–dc22 2009051049 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:978-0-470-75862-5(Hbk) Setin9/11pt,TimesRomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd Contents About the Authors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Microwavesandradiofrequencies 1 1.2 Frequencybands 4 1.3 Applications 6 Bibliography 8 2 Basicelectromagnetictheory 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Maxwell’sequations 9 2.3 Time-harmonicEMfields;polarizationofavector 12 2.4 Maxwell’sequationsintheharmonicregime 14 2.5 Boundaryconditions 15 2.6 EnergyandpoweroftheEMfield;Poynting’stheorem 17 2.7 Somefundamentaltheorems 19 2.7.1 Uniquenesstheorem 19 2.7.2 Lorentz’sreciprocitytheorem 19 2.7.3 Love’sequivalencetheorem 20 2.8 Planewaves 21 2.9 Solutionofthewaveequationinrectangularcoordinates 22 2.9.1 Planewaves:analternativederivation 24 2.9.2 TEMwaves 25 2.9.3 TEandTMwaves 26 2.10 Reflectionandtransmissionofplanewaves;Snel’slaws 27 2.10.1 Snel’slaws;totalreflection 28 2.10.2 Reflectionandtransmission(Fresnel’s)coefficients 31 2.10.3 Reflectionfromaconductingplane 34 2.11 Electrodynamicpotentials 36 Bibliography 38 3 GuidedEMpropagation 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Cylindricalstructures;solutionofMaxwell’sequationsas TE,TMandTEMmodes 41 3.3 Modesofpropagationastransmissionlines 48 3.4 Transmissionlinesas1-Dcircuits 52 3.5 Phasevelocity,groupvelocityandenergyvelocity 55 3.6 Propertiesofthetransversemodalvectorset,ht;fieldexpansion inawaveguide 57 3.7 Loss,attenuationandpowerhandlinginrealwaveguides 59 viii CONTENTS 3.8 Therectangularwaveguide 61 3.9 Theridgewaveguide 67 3.10 Thecircularwaveguide 68 3.11 Thecoaxialcable 72 3.12 Theparallel-platewaveguide 74 3.13 Thestripline 76 3.14 Themicrostripline 78 3.14.1 Theplanarwaveguidemodel 82 3.15 Thecoplanarwaveguide 82 3.16 Coupledlines 84 3.16.1 BasicprinciplesforEManalysis 85 3.16.2 Equivalentcircuitmodelling 86 Bibliography 88 4 Microwavecircuits 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Microwavecircuitformulation 91 4.3 Terminatedtransmissionlines 94 4.4 TheSmithchart 97 4.5 Powerflow 105 4.6 Matrixrepresentations 109 4.6.1 Theimpedancematrix 109 4.6.2 Theadmittancematrix 110 4.6.3 TheABCDorchainmatrix 111 4.6.4 Thescatteringmatrix 112 4.7 Circuitmodelofatransmissionlinesection 119 4.8 Shiftingthereferenceplanes 123 4.9 Loadedtwo-portnetwork 124 4.10 Matrixdescriptionofcoupledlines 125 4.11 Matchingofcoupledlines 126 4.12 Two-portnetworksusingcoupled-linesections 127 Bibliography 129 5 Resonatorsandcavities 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Theresonantcondition 131 5.3 QualityfactororQ 134 5.4 Transmissionlineresonators 136 5.5 Planarresonators 139 5.6 Cavityresonators 142 5.7 ComputationoftheQfactorofacavityresonator 144 5.8 Dielectricresonators 146 5.9 ExpansionofEMfields 147 5.9.1 Helmholtz’stheorem 148 5.9.2 Electricandmagneticeigenvectors 148 5.9.3 GeneralsolutionofMaxwell’sequationsinacavity 153 5.9.4 Resonancesinidealclosedcavities 154 5.9.5 Thecavitywithoneortwooutputs 155 5.9.6 Excitationofcavityresonators 157 Bibliography 161 CONTENTS ix 6 Impedancematching 163 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Fano’sbound 163 6.3 Quarter-wavelengthtransformer 165 6.4 Multi-sectionquarter-wavelengthtransformers 167 6.4.1 Thebinomialtransformer 171 6.4.2 Chebyshevpolynomials;theChebyshevtransformer 172 6.5 Lineandstubtransformers;stubtuners 178 6.6 LumpedLnetworks 180 Bibliography 185 Simulationfiles 185 7 Passivemicrowavecomponents 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Matchedloads 187 7.3 Movableshortcircuit 188 7.4 Attenuators 190 7.5 Fixedphaseshifters 193 7.5.1 Loaded-linephaseshifters 193 7.5.2 Reflection-typephaseshifters 194 7.6 Junctionsandinterconnections 195 7.6.1 Guide-to-coaxialcabletransition 198 7.6.2 Coaxial-to-microstriptransition 203 7.7 Dividersandcombiners 204 7.7.1 TheWilkinsondivider 205 7.7.2 Hybridjunctions 209 7.7.3 Directionalcouplers 211 7.8 Lumpedelementrealizations 221 7.9 Multi-beamformingnetworks 223 7.9.1 TheButlermatrix 224 7.9.2 TheBlassmatrix 225 7.9.3 TheRotmanlens 227 7.10 Non-reciprocalcomponents 230 7.10.1 Isolator 232 7.10.2 Circulator 232 Bibliography 234 Simulationfiles 235 8 Microwavefilters 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Definitions 237 8.3 Lowdpassprototype 239 8.3.1 Butterworthfilters 240 8.3.2 Chebyshevfilters 240 8.3.3 Cauerfilters 244 8.3.4 Synthesisofthelowdpassprototype 245 8.4 Semi-lumpedlowdpassfilters 250 8.5 Frequencytransformations 254 8.5.1 Lowdpasstohighpasstransformation 255 8.5.2 Lowdpasstobandpasstransformation 257 x CONTENTS 8.5.3 Lowdpasstobandstoptransformation 260 8.5.4 Richardstransformation 261 8.6 Kurodaidentities 264 8.7 Immittanceinverters 267 8.7.1 Filterswithline-coupledshort-circuitstubs 273 8.7.2 Parallel-coupledfilters 277 8.7.3 Comb-linefilters 281 Bibliography 286 Simulationfiles 286 9 Basicconceptsformicrowavecomponentdesign 289 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 Cascadedlineartwo-portnetworks 289 9.3 Signalflowgraphs 302 9.4 Noiseintwo-portnetworks 303 9.4.1 Noisesources 303 9.4.2 Representationofnoisytwo-portnetworks 305 9.4.3 Noisefigureandnoisefactor 306 9.4.4 Noisefactorofcascadednetworks 313 9.4.5 Noisebandwidth 314 9.5 Nonlineartwo-portnetworks 316 9.5.1 Harmonicandintermodulationproducts 317 9.5.2 Harmonicdistortion 317 9.5.3 Intermodulationdistortion 319 9.5.4 Gaincompression 321 9.5.5 Interceptpoints 326 9.5.6 Saturationandinterceptpointofcascadedtwo-portnetworks 328 9.6 Semiconductorsdevices 334 9.6.1 Basicsemiconductorphysics 334 9.6.2 Junctiondiode 336 9.6.3 Bipolartransistor 338 9.6.4 Junctionfieldeffecttransistor 339 9.6.5 Metaloxidefieldeffecttransistor 340 9.7 Electricalmodelsofhigh-frequencysemiconductordevices 342 9.7.1 Linearmodels 342 9.7.2 Nonlinearsemiconductormodels 348 Bibliography 360 RelatedFiles 360 10 Microwavecontrolcomponents 363 10.1 Introduction 363 10.2 Switches 363 10.2.1 PINdiodeswitches 368 10.2.2 FETswitches 375 10.2.3 MEMSswitches 379 10.2.4 Alternativemulti-portswitchstructures 385 10.3 Variableattenuators 389 10.4 Phaseshifters 400