I Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies: Modern UWB antennas and equipment Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies: Modern UWB antennas and equipment Edited by Prof. Igor Minin In-Tech intechweb.org Published by In-Teh In-Teh Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2010 In-teh www.intechweb.org Additional copies can be obtained from: [email protected] First published March 2010 Printed in India Technical Editor: Sonja Mujacic Cover designed by Dino Smrekar Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies: Modern UWB antennas and equipment, Edited by Prof. Igor Minin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-7619-67-1 V Preface Novel generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency . The 4th wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Ultra Wide Radio Band and millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Highly directive, planar UWB antennas are gaining more and more attention, as required in many novel and important applications. With the release of the microwave and millimeter band, applications for short- range and high-bandwidth different new devices are primary research areas in UWB systems. Two different techniques for Directive Ultra-Wideband Planar Antennas were presented throughout chapter 1: the operation of a novel bow-tie antenna with high front-to-back ratio and directivity and a differential planar UWB antenna characterized by higher gain (more than 11 dB around 7 GHz) with respect to conventional printed radiators has been demonstrated. The chapter 2 is timely in reporting the aspects of the conventional and state-of-the-art antenna design in the UWB system. For example, design methods of the conventional UWB antennas such as log-periodic dipole array are overviewed and the UWB antennas which are recently researched are introduced. Also the principle and design methods to notch the particular frequency band in UWB antenna are summarized As it well known microstrip patch antennas have problems of low bandwidths. In the chapter 3 various ways to overcome this problem by using various matching techniques for numerous patch antenna array schemes is show. The recent progress in the development of UWB planar antenna technology has been reviewed and some types of UWB metal-plate monopole antennas, UWB printed monopole antennas and UWB printed slot antennas are described in the chapter 4. In the chapter 5 design and implementation of a practical reconfigurable communication system including an additive ultra wide band white Gaussian noise and delay lines in X-band from 6 to 12 GHz with other necessary microwave parts as the test bed are introduced. Also design and implementation procedures of all microwave parts such as ultra wideband amplifiers, dividers, switches, drivers, gain controllers, generators, filters, delay components, bias tee, transitions and etcetera are discussed. Slot array antennas using rectangular waveguides were widely used based on their various important capabilities in microwave telecommunications. In the chapter 6 detailed study of polarization agility achievement in Annular Waveguide Slot Antennas (AWSA) are presented. In an AWSA, the waveguide and the slots are all circularly oriented to fit the boundary. VI Far-field radiation pattern control has strong potential in smart antennas, wireless communications and radar. Typical planned applications include multipath fading and interference mitigation, data rate and coverage enhancement, etc. For implementing these functionalities, either switch beam or reconfigurable Half-Power Beam-Width (HPBW) antennas are required. In the chapter 7, the authors present different antenna concepts to obtain reconfigurable radiation pattern capability in millimeter waves as follows: multibeam antennas are demonstrated based on Butler matrices at 24 and 60 GHz, and reconfigurable Half Power BeamWidth antennas are shown. Also a new technique is presented to shape the radiation pattern of an antenna to achieve directive or sectorial beams. In this case, the antenna design is based on an inhomogeneous lens fed by several sources. In the chapter 8 author investigate the ring loop antenna for the UHF digital terrestrial broadcasting. A ring loop antenna is excited by a simple and low-cost feeder system. The broadband input impedance and the high gain are obtained in the calculation and the measurement. During the past few decades, there has been growing interest in the use of microwave and millimeter wave radiometers for remote sensing of the earth. The chapter 9 addresses the subject of antenna array design in aperture synthesis radiometers. Also a novel antenna array is described, which is a sparse antenna array with an offset parabolic cylinder reflector at millimeter wave band. As it well known the antenna is an important element of communication, remote sensing and radio-localization systems. The measurement of the antenna radiation pattern characteristics allows to verify the conformity of the antenna. The different antenna measurement techniques are reviewed in the chapter 10. The interpretation of the radiated EMI measurement is a very complex problem due to many disturbing influences affecting such a measurement. The antenna brings into measurement additional errors, which increase measurement uncertainty. These errors and their effect on the entire uncertainty of the measurement are investigated in the chapter 11 in case of broadband Bilog antenna, a typical receiving antenna for radiated EMI measurement. Over the past few years, a large number of pattern synthesis techniques of antenna arrays have been studied and developed. In the chapter 12 authors study the influence of the sensor directivity into the array beampattern, in order to test if the effects on the array pattern must be taken into consideration in design methods of pattern array synthesis, and other array design methods. In the chapter 13, a brief introduction of mm-wave RoF system is given and the optical techniques of generating mm-wave signals are presented. Unlike the conventional discussions about mm-wave RoF systems focusing on the downlink only, the design of bidirectional mm- wave RoF systems are also considered. Rain-induced attenuation creates one of the most damaging effects of the atmosphere on the quality of radio communication systems, especially those operating above 10 GHz. The chapter 14 presents results that have thus far been acquired from an integrated research campaign jointly carried out by researchers at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia and Kumamoto University, Japan. The research is aimed at devising transmission strategies suitable for broadband wireless access in microwave and millimeter-wave bands, especially in tropical regions. VII High-precision and high-temporal global rainfall maps are very important for scientific studies for global water cycle and practical applications for water resources. The purpose of the chapter 15 is to briefly describe the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation algorithm, provide examples of rainfall maps from microwave radiometers. Conventional metallic waveguides have several major advantages, including low propagation losses and high power transmissions in the microwave frequency range. One disadvantage of metallic waveguides is that the propagation frequency band is limited at frequencies above the cutoff frequency. The chapter 16 introduces a system that uses a dual-frequency band waveguide. Authors present the fundamental principles of this dual-frequency band waveguide in which a dual in-line dielectric array is installed. It has been shown the electromagnetic waves were propagated in a waveguide with dual in-line dielectric rods made of LaAlO3 and without higher modes above the 2 cutoff frequencies. In the chapter 17 authors propose a design method of a voltage-controlled oscillator using on-chip coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator thus replacing an LC-resonator at 5 GHz band. It has been shown the advantages of employing CPW resonator is the wide frequency-tuning range, and it also saves about 30% of chip size whereas the measured other performance of the proposed oscillators are comparable to that of an oscillator using LC resonator. The design technique is applicable for higher frequencies. The microwave and millimeter wave broadband amplifier is importance for wideband wireless communications operating within microwave frequency range. The chapter 18 provides the fundamental design concepts of broadband amplifier using the modern CMOS technology. Various design techniques are introduced for achieving high performance microwave broadband amplifiers. The main design considerations and current trends are also discussed. The chapter 19 illustrates the interferometric concept in quadrature down-conversion for communication and radar sensor applications. In the chapter 20 describe a new method for the analysis of passive waveguide components, composed of the cascade connection of planar junctions. This new method extracts the main computations out of the frequency loop, thus reducing the overall CPU effort for solving the frequency-domain problem. The fundamental theory permitting the synthesis of the negative group delay cell is described in details in the chapter 21. A time domain study based on a Gaussian wave pulse response, the physical meaning of this phenomenon at microwave wavelengths is also provided and a new concept of frequency-independent active phase shifter used in recent applications are described. In the chapter 22, the authors summarize the design procedure of broadband MMIC high power amplifiers. Some special considerations, as well as, experimental results are focused on GaN technology. Historically magnetrons were one of the first devices used to build radar systems. In the last chapter 23 it has been shown that the utilization of recent advances in magnetron manufacturing technology, the introduction of novel approaches in radar design as well as a vast progress in digital signal processing technique result in a solid overall performance of the magnetron based millimeter wavelengths radars. VIII It is expected the book will attract more interest in microwave and millimeter wave technologies and simulate new ideas on this fascinating subject. Editor: Prof. Igor Minin Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russia [email protected] IX Contents Preface V 1. Directive Ultra-Wideband Planar Antennas 001 A.-D. Capobianco, F.M. Pigozzo, A. Locatelli, D. Modotto, C. De Angelis, S. Boscolo, F. Sacchetto, M. Midrio 2. Ultra-Wideband Antenna 019 Cheolbok Kim 3. Patch Antennas and Microstrip Lines 049 John R. Ojha and Marc Peters 4. UWB and SWB Planar Antenna Technology 063 Shun-Shi Zhong 5. A Complete Practical Ultra wideband Test Bed in X-Band 083 Gholamreza Askari, Khatereh Ghasemi and Hamid Mirmohammad Sadeghi 6. Novel Polarization-Agile Annular Waveguide Slot Antennas 109 Siamak Ebadi and Keyvan Forooraghi 7. Reconfigurable radiation pattern antennas in mm-waves 123 Olivier Lafond, M. Caillet, B. Fuchs and M. Himdi 8. Characteristics of High-Gain Wideband Ring Loop Antenna and its Application 145 Haruo Kawakami 9. Antenna Array Design in Aperture Synthesis Radiometers 169 Jian Dong and Qingxia Li 10. Antenna Measurement 193 Dominique Picard 11. The interference between ground plane and receiving antenna and its effect on the radiated EMI measurement uncertainty 215 Mikulas Bittera, Viktor Smiesko, Karol Kovac and Jozef Hallon 12. Analysis of directive sensor influence on array beampatterns 229 Lara del Val, Alberto Izquierdo, María I. Jiménez, Juan J. Villacorta and Mariano Raboso X 13. Millimeter-wave Radio over Fiber System for Broadband Wireless Communication 243 Haoshuo Chen, Rujian Lin and Jiajun Ye 14. Measurement and modeling of rain intensity and attenuation for the design and evaluation of microwave and millimeter-wave communication systems 271 Gamantyo Hendrantoro and Akira Matsushima 15. High-Temporal Global Rainfall Maps from Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometers 301 Shoichi Shige, Satoshi Kida, Tomoya Yamamoto, Takuji Kubota and Kazumasa Aonashi 16. A Dual-Frequency Metallic Waveguide System 313 Yoshihiro Kokubo 17. Applications of On-Chip Coplanar Waveguides to Design Local Oscillators for Wireless Communications System 329 Ramesh K. Pokharel, Haruichi Kanaya and Keiji Yoshida 18. Design Techniques for Microwave and Millimeter Wave CMOS Broadband Amplifiers 345 Shawn S. H. Hsu and Jun-De Jin 19. MULTI-PORT TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS 363 Moldovan Emilia, Bosisio G. Renato, Wu Ke and Tatu Serioja O. 20. Wideband Representation of Passive Components based on Planar Waveguide Junctions 389 Fermín Mira, Ángel A. San Blas, Vicente E. Boria and Benito Gimeno 21. Study and Application of Microwave Active Circuits with Negative Group Delay 415 Blaise Ravelo, André Pérennec and Marc Le Roy 22. Broadband GaN MMIC Power Amplifiers design 441 María-Ángeles González-Garrido and Jesús Grajal 23. Magnetron Based Radar Systems for Millimeter Wavelength Band – Modern Approaches and Prospects 459 Vadym Volkov