R i ElEctrical EnginEEring z v Microcontroller i Microcontroller Programming, An Introduction is a comprehensive and one-stop resource to the concepts, principles, solution development and techniques of microcontroller-based PrograMMing systems, focusing on the elements and features of the popular and powerful 68HC11 M microcontroller iC as a representative example. i c A n I n t r o d u c t I o n FeAtures r • Performance-based objectives at the beginning of each chapter to outline the o goals to be achieved. • Extensive margin annotations include expert tips to help build practical knowledge. c • More than 150 examples with step-by-step solutions to clarify problems that are o normally stumbling blocks. • More than 225 detailed illustrations allow readers to keep major insights in focus n while studying the details. • Section review quiz with answers to provide readers self evaluation. t • Five fully explained projects with step-by-step guidance to gain hands-on experience r in embedded application development. o • End-of-chapter summary to provide quick chapter revision. • End-of-chapter glossary to summarize the essential terminologies introduced in l the chapter. l • Nearly 450 end-of-chapter quizzes, questions and problems of varied complexity e to help reinforce concepts. r • Extensive appendix to supplement key topics. • Accompanying CD-ROM contains relevant assembly and C source code to practice P programming skills. r o Unlike other Microcontroller books that take the long, detailed approach to every topic of concern to microcontroller programmers, this text instead focuses on how microcontroller- g based applications are architected, developed, and designed, enabling developers to develop r solid, effective embedded applications. Packaged with helpful examples, projects, and illustrations, it gives an in-depth treatment of microcontroller design, programming in both a assembly and C. M Extensive supplements package is available free of charge to instructors using the book for a course. M Anyone interested in learning microcontroller-based application development in depth, i rather than just scraping the surface, will enjoy and benefit immensely from reading n this book. g Syed R. Rizvi K12313 K12313_Cover_mech.indd 1 9/29/11 12:40 PM MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING A N I N T R O D U C T I O N MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING A N I N T R O D U C T I O N SYED R. RIZVI Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 2011912 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-9765-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication To my beloved wife Susan, for providing encouragement and understanding throughout the preparation of this text; and to my daughters, Zahra and Sophia. Contents Preface......................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................xxiii The.Author...........................................................................................................xxv 1. Number Systems, Operations, and Codes..................................................1 1.1. Introduction............................................................................................2 1.2. Digital.versus.Analog.Quantities........................................................3 1.3. Digital.Numbering.System.(Base.10)..................................................4 1.4. Binary.Numbering.System.(Base.2).....................................................5 1.5. Octal.Numbering.System.(Base.8).......................................................7 1.6. Hexadecimal.Numbering.System.(Base.16).......................................8 1.7. Binary-Coded-Decimal.System..........................................................10 1.8. Binary.Conversions..............................................................................11 1.9. Binary.Operations................................................................................12 1.9.1. Binary.Addition......................................................................13 1.9.2. Binary.Subtraction..................................................................14 1.9.3. Binary.Multiplication.............................................................15 1.9.4. Binary.Division.......................................................................16 1.10. Octal.Conversions................................................................................17 1.11. Hexadecimal.Conversions..................................................................18 1.12. Hexadecimal.Operations....................................................................20 1.12.1. Hexadecimal.Addition...........................................................20 1.12.2. Hexadecimal.Subtraction......................................................21 1.13. 1’s.and.2’s.Complements.of.Binary.Numbers..................................21 1.13.1. Finding.the.1’s.Complement..................................................21 1.13.2. Finding.the.2’s.Complement.................................................21 1.14. Signed.Numbers...................................................................................23 1.14.1. The.Sign.Bit..............................................................................24 1.14.2. Sign-Magnitude.Form............................................................24 1.14.3. 1’s.Complement.Form.............................................................24 1.14.4. 2’s.Complement.Form.............................................................25 1.15. The.ASCII.Code....................................................................................25 1.16. Summary...............................................................................................28 Glossary............................................................................................................29 Answers.to.Section.Review.Quiz.................................................................30 True/False.Quiz..............................................................................................30 Questions.........................................................................................................31 Problems...........................................................................................................32 vii viii Contents 2. Semiconductors and Digital Logic.............................................................35 2.1. Introduction..........................................................................................36 2.2. Diode.Logic...........................................................................................36 2.3. The.Inverter...........................................................................................37 2.3.1. Inverter.Truth.Table................................................................38 2.3.2. Inverter.Symbol.......................................................................39 2.3.3. Operation.of.an.Inverter........................................................40 2.3.4. Timing.Diagrams....................................................................40 2.3.5. Logic.Expressions.for.an.Inverter.........................................41 2.4. The.AND.Gate......................................................................................42 2.4.1. AND.Gate.Symbol..................................................................42 2.4.2. Operation.of.an.AND.Gate....................................................43 2.4.3. AND.Gate.Truth.Table...........................................................44 2.4.4. Timing.Diagrams....................................................................46 2.4.5. Logic.Expressions.for.an.AND.Gate....................................47 2.5. The.OR.Gate..........................................................................................49 2.5.1. OR.Gate.Symbol......................................................................49 2.5.2. Operation.of.an.OR.Gate........................................................49 2.5.3. OR.Gate.Truth.Table...............................................................51 2.5.4. Timing.Diagram......................................................................52 2.5.5. Logic.Expressions.for.an.OR.Gate........................................55 2.6. The.NAND.Gate...................................................................................57 2.6.1. NAND.Gate.Symbol...............................................................57 2.6.2. Operation.of.a.NAND.Gate...................................................57 2.6.3. Timing.Diagram......................................................................58 2.6.4. Negative-OR.Equivalent.Operation.of.a.NAND.Gate.......60 2.6.5. Logic.Expressions.for.a.NAND.Gate...................................61 2.7. The.NOR.Gate.......................................................................................62 2.7.1. NOR.Gate.Symbol...................................................................62 2.7.2. Operation.of.a.NOR.Gate.......................................................62 2.7.3. Timing.Diagram......................................................................63 2.7.4. Negative-AND.Equivalent.Operation.of.the.NOR.Gate....64 2.7.5. Logic.Expressions.for.a.NOR.Gate.......................................65 2.8. The.Exclusive-OR.Gate........................................................................67 2.8.1. XOR.Gate.Symbol....................................................................67 2.8.2. Operation.of.XOR.Gate..........................................................67 2.8.3. XOR.Gate.Truth.Table.............................................................69 2.8.4. Timing.Diagram......................................................................69 2.8.5. Parity.........................................................................................71 2.8.5.1. Odd-Parity.Generator.............................................72 2.9. The.Exclusive-NOR.Gate.....................................................................74 2.9.1. XNOR.Gate.Symbol................................................................74 2.9.2. Operation.of.XNOR.Gate.......................................................75 Contents ix 2.9.3. XNOR.Gate.Truth.Table.........................................................75 2.9.4. Timing.Diagram......................................................................76 2.10. Summary...............................................................................................77 Glossary............................................................................................................78 Answers.to.Section.Review.Quiz.................................................................79 True/False.Quiz..............................................................................................80 Questions.........................................................................................................80 Problems...........................................................................................................81 3. Microcontroller Hardware...........................................................................89 3.1. Introduction..........................................................................................90 3.2. A.Transistor.as.a.Switch......................................................................91 3.3. The.TTL.Integrated.Circuit.................................................................93 3.4. The.CMOS.Integrated.Circuit............................................................94 3.5. Using.Integrated-Circuit.Logic.Gates...............................................96 3.6. Seven-Segment.Displays.....................................................................98 3.7. Liquid-Crystal.Displays....................................................................102 3.8. Keypads...............................................................................................105 3.9. The.68HC11/68HC12.Microcontroller.............................................106 3.9.1. HC11.Processor.....................................................................110 3.9.2. HC11.Memory.......................................................................112 3.9.2.1. RAM........................................................................114 3.9.2.2. ROM........................................................................115 3.9.2.3. EEPROM.................................................................116 3.9.2.4. System.Registers....................................................117 3.9.3. HC11.Advanced.On-Chip.Input/Output.(I/O). Capabilities............................................................................118 3.10. EVBU/BUFFALO................................................................................121 3.11. Summary.............................................................................................124 Glossary..........................................................................................................126 Answers.to.Section.Review.Quiz...............................................................128 True/False.Quiz............................................................................................129 Questions.......................................................................................................130 Problems.........................................................................................................131 4. Microcontroller Software...........................................................................133 4.1. Introduction........................................................................................134 4.2. Programming.Concepts....................................................................135 4.3. System.Software.................................................................................139 4.4. Developing.a.Program......................................................................142 4.4.1. Problem.Analysis..................................................................144 4.4.2. Design.Development............................................................145 4.4.3. Coding....................................................................................145 4.4.4. Program.Testing....................................................................147