GLOBAL EDITION Microbiology An Introduction THIRTEENTH EDITION Tortora • Funke • Case Brief Contents PART ONE Fundamentals of Microbiology Exploring the Microbiome 1 The Microbial World and You 27 1 How Does Your Microbiome Grow? 29 2 Chemical Principles 50 2 Feed Our Intestinal Bacteria, Feed Ourselves: 3 Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope 77 A Tale of Two Starches 63 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 98 3 Obtaining a More Accurate Picture of Our Microbiota 93 5 Microbial Metabolism 133 4 Eukaryotes Are Microbiota, Too 120 6 Microbial Growth 177 5 Do Artificial Sweeteners (and the Intestinal Microbiota 7 The Control of Microbial Growth 204 That Love Them) Promote Diabetes? 158 8 Microbial Genetics 230 6 Circadian Rhythms and Microbiota Growth Cycles 194 9 Biotechnology and DNA Technology 268 7 Antimicrobial Soaps: Doing More Harm Than Good? 217 PART TWO A Survey of the Microbial World 10 Classification of Microorganisms 295 8 Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Unintended Consequences of Antibiotic Usage 256 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea 321 12 The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and 9 Crime Scene Investigation and Your Microbiome 287 Helminths 349 10 Techniques for Identifying Members of Your 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 387 Microbiome 317 PART THREE Interaction between Microbe 11 Microbiome in Space 346 and Host 12 The Mycobiome 361 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology 419 13 The Human Virome 390 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity 449 16 Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the 14 Connections between Birth, Microbiome, Host 471 and Other Health Conditions 421 17 Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host 501 15 Skin Microbiota Interactions and the Making of MRSA 453 18 Practical Applications of Immunology 525 16 The Microbiome’s Shaping of Innate Immunity 478 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System 550 17 The Relationship between Your Immune Cells 20 Antimicrobial Drugs 584 and Skin Microbiota 517 PART FOUR Microorganisms and Human Disease 18 Microbiome May Enhance Response to Oral Vaccines 531 21 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes 616 22 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System 645 19 The Link between Blood Type and Composition 23 Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and of the Intestinal Microbiome 558 Lymphatic Systems 676 20 Looking to the Microbiome for the Next Great 24 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System 714 Antibiotic 611 25 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System 747 21 Normal Skin Microbiota and Our Immune System: 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Allies in “Skin Wars” 620 Systems 786 22 Microbes Impacting the CNS 670 PART FIVE Environmental and Applied Microbiology 23 Is Blood Sterile? 679 27 Environmental Microbiology 812 24 Discovering the Microbiome of the Lungs 717 28 Applied and Industrial Microbiology 835 25 Sorting Out Good Neighbors from Bad in the GI Tract 749 26 Resident Microbes of the Urinary System 789 All chapter content is tagged to 27 Resident Microbes of Earth’s Most Extreme ASM Curriculum Guidelines for Environments 820 Undergraduate Microbiology 28 Using Bacteria to Stop the Spread of Zika Virus 849 Cutting Edge Microbiology Research for Today’s Learners The 13th Edition of Tortora, Funke, and Case’s Microbiology: An Introduction brings a 21st-century lens to this trusted market-leading introductory textbook. New and updated features, such as Exploring the Microbiome boxes and Big Picture spreads, emphasize how our understanding of microbiology is constantly expanding. New In the Clinic Video Tutors in MasteringTM Microbiology illustrate how students can apply their learning to their future careers. Mastering Microbiology also includes new Ready-to-Go Teaching Modules that guide you through the most effective teaching tools available. GLOBAL EDITION EDITGLO IONBAL M A nic Inr to r ob di uo c tiolo ng y Microbiology T An Introduction EH DIR ITIOTEE NNT THIRTEENTH EDITION H Tortora • Funke • Case T o r , the t o r a • F u n k e • C a s e Do your students struggle to make connections between course NEW! Exploring the Microbiome boxes illustrate how research in microbiology is revolutionizing our understanding of health and disease. These boxes highlight the possibilities in this exciting field and present insights into some of the newly identified ways that microbes influence human health. In addition, they provide examples of how research in this field is done—building on existing information, designing fair testing, drawing conclusions, and raising new questions. content and their future careers? New! In the Clinic Video Tutors bring to life the scenarios in the chapter-opening In the Clinic features. Concepts related to infection control, principles of disease, and antimicrobial therapies are integrated throughout the chapters, providing a platform for instructors to introduce clinically relevant topics throughout the term. Each Video Tutor has a series of assessments assignable in Mastering Microbiology that are tied to learning outcomes. NEW! Ready-to-Go Teaching Modules in the Instructor Resources of Mastering Microbiology help instructors efficiently make use of the available teaching tools for the toughest topics in microbiology. Pre-class assignments, in-class activities, and post-class assessments are provided for ease of use. Within the Ready-to-Go Teaching Modules, Adopt a Microbe modules enable instructors to select specific pathogens for additional focus throughout the text. Do your students need help understanding the toughest Interactive Microbiology is a dynamic suite of interactive tutorials and animations that teach key microbiology concepts. Students actively engage with each topic and learn from manipulating variables, predicting outcomes, and answering assessment questions that test their understanding of basic concepts and their ability to integrate and build on these concepts. These are available in Mastering Microbiology. NEW! Even more Interactive Microbiology modules are available. Additional titles include: • Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms • Antimicrobial Resistance: Selection • Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes • The Human Microbiome concepts in microbiology? MicroBoosters are a suite of brief video tutorials that cover key concepts some students may need to review or relearn. Titles include Study Skills, Math, Scientific Terminology, Basic Chemistry, Cell Biology, and Basic Biology. Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more efficiently than ever before. The flashcard-style modules are available as a self-study tool or can be assigned by the instructor. NEW! Instructors can now remove questions from Dynamic Study Modules to better fit their course. Do your students have trouble organizing and synthesizing M24_TORT6267_13_GE_C24.indd Page 722 3/24/20 4:34 PM f-w-134 Big Picture spreads integrate text and illustrations to help students gain a Bioterrorism broad, “big picture” understanding of BIG PICTURE important course topics. Biological agents were first tapped by armies, and now by terrorists. Today, technology and ease of travel increase the potential damage. Each Big Picture spread includes History of Bioweapons Biological Weapons Banned in the an overview that breaks down important Biological weapons (bioweapons)—pathogens intentionally used for Twentieth Century hostile purposes—are not new. The “ideal” bioweapon is one that The Geneva Conventions are internationally agreed upon standards concepts into manageable steps and gives disseminates by aerosol, spreads efficiently from human to human, for conducting war. Written in the 1920s, they prohibited deploying students a clear learning framework for causes debilitating disease, and has no readily available treatment. bioweapons—but did not specify that possessing or creating them The earliest recorded use of a bioweapon occurred in 1346 was illegal. As such, most powerful nations in the twentieth century related chapters. Each spread includes Key during the Siege of Kaffa, in what is now known as Feodosia, continued to create bioweapons, and the growing stockpiles posed an Ukraine. There the Tartar army catapulted their own dead soldiers’ ever-growing threat. In 1975, the Biological Weapons Convention Concepts that help students make the plague-ridden bodies over city walls to infect opposing troops. banned both possession and development of biological weapons. The connection between the presented topic Survivors from that attack went on to introduce the “Black Death” majority of the world’s nations ratified the treaty, which stipulated that to the rest of Europe, sparking the plague pandemic of 1348–1350. any existing bioweapons be destroyed and related research halted. and previously learned microbiology In the eighteenth century, blankets contaminated with smallpox were intentionally introduced into Native American populations by principles. Each spread is paired with a the British during the French and Indian War. And during the Sino- SEM 1 mm SEM 0.4 mm Japanese War (1937–1945), Japanese planes dropped canisters of coaching activity and assessment fleas carrying Yersinia pestis bacteria, the causative agent of questions in Mastering Microbiology. plague, on China. In 1975, Bacillus anthracis endospores were accidentally released from a bioweapon production facility in Sverdlovsk. TEM 2 mm (Clockwise from top left): Bacillus anthracis, Ebolavirus, and Vibrio cholerae are just a few microbes identified as potential bioterrorism agents. Emergence of Bioterrorism Unfortunately, the history of biowarfare doesn’t end with the A citadel in Ukraine, location of the first known biowarfare attack ratification of the Biological Weapons Convention. Since then, the in history. main actors engaging in biowarfare have not been nations but rather radical groups and individuals. One of the most publicized bioterrorism incidents occurred in 2001, when five people died Selected Diseases Identified as Potential Bioweapons from, and many more were infected with, anthrax that an army researcher sent through the mail in letters. Bacterial Viral Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Nonbacterial meningitis (Arenaviruses) Psittacosis (Chlamydophila Hantavirus disease psittaci) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum Hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, toxin) Marburg, Lassa) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Monkeypox Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) Nipah virus infection Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox Map showing location of 2001 bioterrorism anthrax attacks. 772222 visual information? PRAVEEN KUMAR GAUTAM Three Big Picture spreads focus on important fundamental topics in microbiology: Play MicroFlix 3D Animation @MasteringMicrobiology • Metabolism Public Health Authorities Try to Meet the Threat of Bioterrorism • Genetics One of the problems with bioweapons is that they contain living Vaccination: A Key Defense organisms, so their impact is difficult to control or even predict. • Immunity When the use of biological agents is considered a possibility, However, public health authorities have created some protocols to military personnel and first -responders (health care personnel and deal with potential bioterrorism incidents. others) are vaccinated—if a vaccine for the suspected agent exists. New vaccines are being developed, and existing vaccines are being stockpiled for use where needed. Eight Big Picture spreads focus on diseases The current plan to protect civilians in the event of an attack with a microbe is illustrated by the smallpox preparedness plan. and related public health issues that This killer disease has been eradicated from the population, but present complex real-world challenges: unfortunately, a cache of the virus remains preserved in research facilities, meaning that it might one day be weaponized. It’s not practical to vaccinate all people against the disease. Instead, the • Vaccine-Preventable Diseases U.S. government’s strategy following a confirmed smallpox outbreak includes “ring containment and voluntary vaccination.” • The Hygiene Hypothesis A “ring” of vaccinated/protected individuals is built around the bioterrorism infection case and their contacts to prevent further • Neglected Tropical Diseases transmission. Biological hazard symbol. • Vertical Transmission: Mother to Child New Technologies and Techniques to • Climate Change and Disease Identify Bioweapons • Bioterrorism Monitoring public health, and reporting incidence of diseases of note, is the first step in any bioterrorism • Cholera After Natural Disasters defense plan. The faster a potential incident is uncovered, the greater the chance for containment. • STI Home Test Kits Rapid tests are being investigated to detect genetic changes in hosts due to bioweapons even before symptoms develop. Early-warning systems, such as DNA chips or recombinant cells that fluoresce in the presence of a bioweapon, are also being developed. Examining mail for B. anthracis. KEY CONCEPTS ●● Vaccination is critical to preventing spread of infectious diseases, especially those that can be weaponized. (See Chapter 18, “Principles and Effects of Vaccinations,” pages 526–527.) ●● Many organisms that could be used for weapons require BSL-3 facilities. (See Chapter 6, “Special Culture Techniques,” pages 187–188.) Pro Strips Rapid Screening System, developed by ADVNT Biotechnologies LLC, is the first advanced multi-agent biowarfare detection kit that ●● Tracking pathogen genomics provides information on its source. tests for anthrax, ricin toxin, botulinum toxin, plague, and SEB (See Chapter 9, “Forensic Microbiology,” pages 284–286.) (staphylococcal enterotoxin B). 772233 Additional Instructor and Student Resources Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet) student engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors can assess students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding. Mastering Microbiology users may select from Pearson’s library of questions designed especially for use with Learning Catalytics. Instructor Resource Materials for Microbiology: An Introduction The Instructor Resource Materials organize all instructor media resources by chapter into one convenient and easy-to-use package containing: • All figures, photos, and tables from the textbook in both labeled and unlabeled formats • TestGen Test Bank • Instructor’s Guide A wealth of additional classroom resources, such as MicroFlix animations, can be downloaded from the Instructor Resources area of Mastering Microbiology.