Microbial Community Studies in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Focusing on microbial community structure in the field of wastewater treatment, this book highlights structural analyses in relation to changes in physico-chemical parameters. It further covers physiological analyses of microbial communities, enrichment of pure cultures of key species in relation to changes in physico-chemical parameters, and analyses and modelling of consequences of changes in the micro- bial community structure. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, groups of bacteria that perform nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification and other biochemical processes are covered for an entire wastewater treatment plant bioreactor along with temporal dynamics of bacterial communities. Features: • Describes the state-of-the-art techniques and the application of omics tools in wastewater treatment reactors (WWTRs). • Includes both theoretical and practical knowledge on the fundamental roles of microorganisms in WWTRs. • Discusses environmental microbial community proteomics. • Covers relating function and community structure of complex microbial systems using neural networks. • Reviews the economics of wastewater treatment and the development of suitable alternatives in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. This book is aimed at graduates and researchers in biological engineering, biochemi- cal engineering, chemistry, environmental engineering, environmental microbiol- ogy, systems ecology and environmental biotechnology. Microbial Community Studies in Industrial Wastewater Treatment Edited by Maulin P. Shah Cover image: ©Shutterstock First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Maulin P. Shah; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright. com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact m pkbookspermissions@ tandf.co.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 9781032341880 (hbk) ISBN: 9781032406565 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003354147 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003354147 Typeset in Times by codeMantra Contents Preface......................................................................................................................vii Editor ........................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Metagenomics: A Powerful Lens Viewing the Microbial World .........1 Perumalla Srikanth and Sivakumar Durairaj Chapter 2 Microbial Response to Lead Exposure ..............................................21 J. Anandkumar, Jyoti Kant Choudhari, Jyotsna Choubey, Tanushree Chatterjee, Mukesh Kumar Verma, and Biju Prava Sahariah Chapter 3 Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Wastewater ......33 Jyotsna Choubey, Jyoti Kant Choudhari, Mukesh Kumar Verma, Tanushree Chatterjee, and Biju Prava Sahariah Chapter 4 Environmental Metaproteomics: Tools to Study Microbial Communities ......................................................................................45 Hiren K. Patel, Priyanka D. Sheladiya, and Rishee K. Kalaria Chapter 5 Events and Hazards in Biotransformation of Contaminants ..............61 Pratik Jagtap, Aniket K. Gade, and Rajesh W. Raut Chapter 6 Microbial Community Analysis of Contaminated Soils ....................83 Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Abel Inobeme, Kshitij RB Singh, John Tsado Mathew, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Ogundolie Frank Abimbola, Jay Singh, Vanya Nayak and Ravindra Pratap Singh Chapter 7 Microbe Performance and Dynamics in Activated Sludge Digestion ...99 Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Ogundolie Frank Abimbola, Kshitij RB Singh, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Abel Inobeme, John Tsado Mathew, Jay Singh, and Ravindra Pratap Singh v vi Contents Chapter 8 Genomic Analysis of Heavy Metal-Resistant Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants ...........................................................113 Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Kshitij RB Singh, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, John Tsado Mathew, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Ogundolie Frank Abimbola, Jay Singh, Vanya Nayak, and Ravindra Pratap Singh Chapter 9 Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants ...........................................................127 Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, John Tsado Mathew, Kshitij RB Singh, Ruth Ebunoluwa Bodunrinde, Abel Inobeme, Olugbemi T. Olaniyan, Ogundolie Frank Abimbola, Jay Singh, Vanya Nayak and Ravindra Pratap Singh Chapter 10 Microbes and Events in Contaminant Biotransformation ................143 Sreejita Ghosh, Dibyajit Lahiri, Moupriya Nag, Sougata Ghosh, and Rina Rani Ray Chapter 11 Metagenomics for Studying Microbes in Wastewater Treatment Plants ...............................................................................171 Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sweety Kaur, and Harvinder Kour Khera Chapter 12 Diversity and Interaction of Microbes in Biodegradation ................185 Aditya Ruikar and Hitesh S. Pawar Chapter 13 Metagenomics: A Pathway for Searching in Microbial Contexts ....215 Aditi Nag, Bhavuk Gupta, and Sudipti Arora Index ......................................................................................................................241 Preface Treatment of wastewater discharged from various sources such as municipal, indus- trial and agricultural activities and mining sites is a global challenge. Furthermore, the disposal of raw wastewater into natural water streams put the ecology at the risk of detrimental contamination. Generally, organic (hydrocarbons) and inorganic con- taminants (heavy metals, inorganic salts and mineral acids) are the main sources of pollution in water, affecting environment and health. In order to remove these harm- ful contaminants, treatment of wastewater by biological means is the most sustainable mode over chemical wastewater treatment. Microbial reactors or treatment systems employing either bacterial, microalgae or fungal species are widely accepted in bio- logical wastewater treatment systems. The selection of suitable species or consortia is an important prerequisite for the performance of any microbial reactors. Moreover, factors such as native microbial community, presence of organic and inorganic com- ponents in the wastewater, and physico-chemical parameters such as pH, ambient or regulated temperature, and light (for photosynthetic microorganisms) play key roles in the performance of wastewater treatment process. These factors, directly or indirectly, affect the initial microbial community present in the reactor, by aiding the wastewater treatment process in a positive or negative way. Furthermore, advanced molecular techniques play an important role in the identification of variance in the microbial community during the whole wastewater treatment process. Molecular tools such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), confocal laser scan- ning microscopy (CLSM), ribosomal spacer analysis (RISA), amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and ter- minal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) have been developed for understanding microbial community during wastewater treatment. vii Editor Dr. Maulin P. Shah is Chief Scientist and Head of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India. His work focuses on the impact of industrial pollution on the microbial diversity of wastewater following cultivation- dependent and cultivation-independent analysis. His major work involves isolation, screening, identification, and genetically engineering high-impact microbes for the degradation of hazardous materials. His research interests include biological waste- water treatment, environmental microbiology, biodegradation, bioremediation, and phytoremediation of environmental pollutants from industrial wastewaters. He has published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals of repute on various aspects of microbial biodegradation and bioremediation of envi- ronmental pollutants. He is the editor of more than 150 books of international repute (Elsevier, Springer, RSC, and CRC Press, De Gruyter, Nova Sciences). He is an active editorial board member in top-rated International journals. ix