Michael Van Valkenburgh Source Books in Associates Landscape Architecture 1 Allegheny Riverfront Park Jane Amidon, Series Editor Princeton Architectural Press, New York Published by Editing and layout: Megan Carey Princeton Architectural Press Design: Jan Haux 37 East Seventh Street New York, New York 10003 Special thanks to: Nettie Aljian, Dorothy Ball, Nicola Bednarek, Janet Behning, Penny (Yuen Pik) Chu, Russell For a free catalog of books, call 1.800.722.6657. Fernandez, Clare Jacobson, John King, Mark Lamster, Nancy Visit our web site at www.papress.com. Eklund Later, Linda Lee, Katharine Myers, Lauren Nelson, Molly Rouzie, Jane Sheinman, Scott Tennent, Jennifer © 2005 Princeton Architectural Press Thompson, Paul G. Wagner, Joseph Weston, and Deb Wood All rights reserved of Princeton Architectural Press —Kevin C. Lippert, publisher Printed and bound in China 08 07 06 05 5 4 3 2 1 First edition Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any man- Michael Van Valkenburgh : Allegheny Riverfront Park / ner without written permission from the publisher, except in compiled and edited by Jane Amidon. the context of reviews. p. cm. — (Source books in landscape architecture) Includes bibliographical references. Every reasonable attempt has been made to identify owners ISBN 1-56898-504-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) of copyright. Errors or omissions will be corrected in subse- 1. Van Valkenburgh, Michael—Interviews. 2. Landscape quent editions. architects—United States—Interviews. 3. Landscape architecture—United States. 4. Allegheny Riverfront Park The seminars and publications for this series are made possible (Pittsburgh, Pa.) I. Amidon, Jane. II. Series. by the generous support of DeeDee (BSLA 1988, Knowlton SB470.V34M53 2005 School of Architecture) and Herb Glimcher. 712’.092—dc22 2005003475 Contents Acknowledgments 4 Preface, Carol Brown 6 Data and Chronology 8 Conversations with Michael Van Valkenburgh 11 Site Plan 28 Site 35 Scissoring 49 Hypernature 57 Surface 73 Conscious Pragmatism 91 Urban Land 115 Gallery 119 Outside the Self, Gary R. Hilderbrand 148 Criticism, Ethan Carr and Erik de Jong 154 Credits 158 Bibliography 159 Biographies 160 Acknowledgments A depth of appreciation is due first and foremost to Michael Van Valkenburgh for participating with wit and wisdom in the inaugural Glimcher Distinguished Visiting Professorship seminar. With customary insight that provoked students to strengthen their understanding of built landscapes, Michael set the bar high for all involved. The honesty of opinion and design leadership that impressed us as graduate students in the early 1990s continue to be hallmarks of Michael’s impact on contemporary landscape architecture. We are fortunate to have a project such as the Allegheny Riverfront Park to serve not just as the subject of the first Source Book in Landscape Architecture but as an inspiring model for urban park-making today. Many thanks to the combined talents of Michael Van Valkenburgh, Laura Solano, and Matthew Urbanski of Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates (MVVA), artists Ann Hamilton and Michael Mercil, and Carol Brown of the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust. A roundtable discussion on the Allegheny Riverfront Park was held at the Knowlton School of Architecture in 2002. Threads of discussion opened there proved important to this publication. In addi- tion to the design team named above, I am grateful for the commentaries of the invited critics Ethan Carr, Erik de Jong, and Gary Hilderbrand (whose comments and essay, respectively, appear in this book). Thanks also to the students who participated in the seminar: Jeff Anderson, Eric Brightman, Jennifer Caputa, Lin Goepfert, Tim Hess, Indy Idvakil, Kris Lucius, Anne McKisson, Gabriela Patocchi, Adam Ravestein, and especially Jason Brabbs for videography and Jill McKain and Cheryl Somerfeldt for written contributions. These books would not be possible without the support of many at the Knowlton School of Architecture and the generous patronage of the Glimchers. The encouragement of Robert Livesey is essen- tial to the program. Advice offered by Jeff Kipnis and Todd Gannon was helpful in producing the first Source Book in Landscape Architecture. At MVVA, Jane Glazier, Jason Siebenmorgen, Gullivar Shepard, and Matt McMahon were instrumental in the book’s production. Finally, the editorial guidance of Megan Carey and Kevin Lippert at Princeton Architectural Press is much appreciated. 4 Source Books in Landscape Architecture Today there is a hunger for transparency. Source Books in Landscape Architecture provide concise inves- tigations into contemporary designed landscapes by looking behind the curtain and beyond the script to trace intentionality and results. One goal is to offer unvarnished stories of place-making. A second goal is to catch emerging and established designers as facets of their process mature from tentative trial into definitive technique. Each Source Book presents one project or group of related works that are significant to the practice and study of landscape architecture today. It is our hope that readers gain a sense of the project from start to finish, including crucial early concepts that persist into built form as well as the ideas and methods that are shed along the way. Design process, site dynamics, materials research, and team roles are explored in dialogue format and documented in photographs, drawings, diagrams, conceptual sketches, and models. Each Source Book is introduced with a project data and chronology section and concludes with an essay by an invited critic. This series parallels the Source Books in Architecture as conceived by Jeffrey Kipnis and Robert Livesey at the Austin E. Knowlton School of Architecture and is a synthesis of the Glimcher Distinguished Visiting Professorship. Structured as a series of discussion-based seminars to promote critical inquiry into contem- porary designed landscapes, the Glimcher program gives students direct, sustained access to leading voices in the profession. Students who participate in the seminars play an instrumental role in contributing to discussions, transcribing recorded material, and editing content for the Source Books. The seminars and Source Books are made possible by a fund established by DeeDee and Herb Glimcher. Together they and their family are patrons of the arts and social service organizations. 5 Preface Carol Brown Industrial Pittsburgh has long been noted for the quality of its architecture, beginning with Henry Hobson Richardson’s courthouse and jail designed and constructed in the l880s. For more than one hundred years, however, the city failed to acknowledge the natural beauty of its river setting. Despite such efforts as the Olmsted brothers’ 1910 proposal for a riverfront park system beginning at “the Point” where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form the Ohio, and the eventual construction of Point State Park at that confluence in the 1950s, Pittsburgh’s riverbanks became long corridors of high- way separating the city and its people from the pleasures of its rivers. In 1984 the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust was formed to create a cultural district in a neglected fourteen-square block of downtown edged on one side by the Allegheny River. Initial planning for the district called for holistic development focusing on the creation of arts and entertainment venues and enhancement of the district’s built and natural environment, including historic loft buildings, public art, open space, streetscapes, and the Allegheny Riverfront. With district planning completed in 1994, the Cultural Trust turned its attention to the river. The Trust issued a request for qualified teams of landscape architects and artists to design the Allegheny Riverfront Park. Unanimously selected from an international field, Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates (MVVA), with Ann Hamilton and Michael Mercil, created a stunning, award-winning park. The challenges of the site became the strengths of the final design of the park. Two parallel linear spaces dissected by highways, with vastly different elevations and periodic flooding, led MVVA, Hamilton, and Mercil to create an innovative, complex and highly successful design vocabulary for the park. The lower-level pathway along the river’s edge, rich with riparian plant materials and native boulders that suggest the natural beauty of a Western Pennsylvania riverbank, connects by way of elegant 6 vine-walled and accessible ramps to an upper level defined by the firmer and more constructed lines of a city, set with bluestone paving, banks of bluestone seating, and more formal plantings. The park is not only a gift of the river to the people of Pittsburgh, particularly to patrons and residents of the cultural district, but a handsome example for all cities in the challenge of reclaiming more riverbanks in the urban core. PREFACE 7 JUNE 1994 The Pittsburgh Cultural Trust issues a call for qualifications for the design of a park along the Allegheny River. Five teams are selected to submit proposals. NOVEMBER 1994 19 JANUARY 1996 SEPTEMBER 1994 MVVA proposes to cantilever the Allegheny River floods, reaching near- The commission is awarded to walk to gain additional space for the record levels. Heavy rains combined Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates lower-level park pathway in response with snow melt—brought on by MARCH 1997 and Ann Hamilton. to the public’s desire for riverfront temperatures in the sixties—causes The city of Pittsburgh receives an access. major flooding in the entire upper ISTEA grant for the redesign of Fort Programming and pre-design Ohio River basin. The flooding of the Dusquesne Boulevard. research begins. MARCH 1995 Allegheny is compounded by an ice Design development of the upper- jam that breaks near Parker, PA. JUNE 1997 MVVA team takes boat ride up the and lower-level parks begins. Construction of the lower-level park Allegheny River and discovers native JUNE 1996 begins. plants that colonized industrial sites APRIL 1995 Lower-level park construction is at the river’s edge, inspiring the Construction documents for the delayed by one year due to flood. NOVEMBER 1998 plant palette for the lower-level park. lower-level park are completed. Park elements are reengineered. Lower-level park is dedicated. 8 Data and Chronology ALLEGHENY RIVERFRONT PARK Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania CLIENT: Pittsburgh Cultural Trust DATA: Lower-level Park Park length: 3,700’ Average width: 31’ JUNE 2001 Grade change at ramps: 17’-6” MARCH 2000 MVVA presents proposal for the east Length of ramps: 352’ each Construction documents issued for and west extensions of the Allegheny 583 trees upper-level park bid. Riverfront Park. 1,480 boulders JULY 2000 SEPTEMBER 2004 Upper-level Park 4 JULY 1999 Construction begins on upper-level Flooding of the Allegheny River, Park length: 1,920’ The annual Three Rivers Regatta park. caused by the remnants of a Average width: 32.5’ takes advantage of the new river- rampant hurricane season in the 147 trees front park for the Fourth of July MAY 2001 southeastern U.S., completely 3.4 tons of bluestone celebration. Upper-level park is dedicated. submerges lower-level park. 62,000 cubic yards manufactured soil 9