PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 constituteproject.org Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015 Subsequently amended This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 Table of contents TITLE ONE ............................................................................ 4 CHAPTER I. Human Rights and Guarantees .................................................. 4 CHAPTER II. Mexican Nationals .......................................................... 35 CHAPTER III. The Foreigners .............................................................36 CHAPTER IV. The Mexican citizens ........................................................36 TITLE TWO. .......................................................................... 38 CHAPTER I. National Sovereignty and form of State Governance ................................38 CHAPTER II. Composition of the Federation and Mexican Territory .............................. 46 TITLE THREE. .........................................................................47 CHAPTER I. Division of Powers ...........................................................47 CHAPTER II. The Legislature .............................................................48 CHAPTER III. The Federal Executive Branch .................................................66 CHAPTER IV. The Judicial Branch ......................................................... 70 TITLE FOUR. Public Servants’ Accountability, Individuals related to Administrative Liabilities or Corruption Acts ..........................................................85 Article 108 ........................................................................... 85 Article 109 ........................................................................... 85 Article 110 ........................................................................... 87 Article 111 ........................................................................... 88 Article 112 ........................................................................... 88 Article 113 ........................................................................... 88 Article 114 ........................................................................... 89 TITLE FIVE. Mexican States and the Federal District ....................................90 Article 115 ........................................................................... 90 Article 116 ........................................................................... 93 Article 117 ........................................................................... 97 Article 118 ........................................................................... 98 Article 119 ........................................................................... 98 Article 120 ........................................................................... 99 Article 121 ........................................................................... 99 Article 122 ........................................................................... 99 TITLE SIX. Labor and Social Security .................................................. 106 Article 123 .......................................................................... 106 TITLE SEVEN. General Considerations ............................................... 113 Article 124 .......................................................................... 113 Article 125 .......................................................................... 113 Article 126 .......................................................................... 113 Article 127 .......................................................................... 113 Article 128 .......................................................................... 114 Article 129 .......................................................................... 114 Article 130 .......................................................................... 114 Article 131 .......................................................................... 115 Article 132 .......................................................................... 115 Article 133 .......................................................................... 115 Article 134 .......................................................................... 115 Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 TITLE EIGHT. Constitutional Reforms ................................................ 116 Article 135 .......................................................................... 116 TITLE NINE. The Inviolability of the Constitution ..................................... 116 Article 136 .......................................................................... 116 TRANSITORY ARTICLES .............................................................117 Article 1 ............................................................................ 117 Article 2 ............................................................................ 117 Article 3 ............................................................................ 117 Article 4 ............................................................................ 117 Article 5 ............................................................................ 117 Article 6 ............................................................................ 117 Article 7 ............................................................................ 118 Article 8 ............................................................................ 118 Article 9 ............................................................................ 118 Article 10 ........................................................................... 118 Article 11 ........................................................................... 118 Article 12 ........................................................................... 118 Article 13 ........................................................................... 118 Article 14 ........................................................................... 118 Article 15 ........................................................................... 119 Article 16 ........................................................................... 119 Article 17 ........................................................................... 119 Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 3 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 Translated for the Comparative Constitutions Project by M. Fernanda Gomez Aban TITLE ONE CHAPTER I. Human Rights and Guarantees Article 1 International law In the United Mexican States, all individuals shall be entitled to the human rights granted by this Constitution and the international treaties signed by the Mexican State, as well as to the guarantees for the protection of these rights. Such human rights shall not be restricted or suspended, except for the cases and under the conditions established by this Constitution itself. International law The provisions relating to human rights shall be interpreted according to this Constitution and the international treaties on the subject, working in favor of the broader protection of people at all times. All authorities, in their areas of competence, are obliged to promote, respect, protect and guarantee Human Rights, in accordance with the principles of universality, interdependence, indivisibility and progressiveness. As a consequence, the State must prevent, investigate, penalize and rectify violations to Human Rights, according to the law. Prohibition of slavery Slavery shall be forbidden in Mexico. Every individual who is considered as a slave at a foreign country shall be freed and protected under the law by just entering the country. Equality regardless of social status Any form of discrimination, based on ethnic or national origin, gender, age, disabilities, General guarantee of equality social status, medical conditions, religion, opinions, sexual orientation, marital status, or Equality regardless of origin any other form, which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul or diminish the rights Human dignity Equality regardless of creed or belief and freedoms of the people, is prohibited. Equality regardless of religion Equality regardless of age EInqtueaglritayt iroeng oafr deltehsnsi co cf osmexmuuanl iotireiesntation Article 2 ERqiguhatl ittoy cfourlt upreersons with disabilities Equality regardless of gender The Mexican Nation is unique and indivisible. Reference to country's history The nation is multicultural, based originally on its indigenous peoples, described as descendants of those inhabiting the country before colonization and that preserve their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, or some of them. Consciousness of indigenous identity will be the fundamental criteria to determine to whom apply the provisions on indigenous people. Indigenous right to self governance An indigenous community is de�ned as the community that constitutes a cultural, economic and social unit settled in a territory and that recognizes its own authorities, according to their customs. Indigenous people’s right to self-determination shall be subjected to the Constitution in order to guarantee national unity. States’ and Federal District’s constitutions and laws must recognize indigenous peoples and communities, taking into account the general principles established in the previous paragraphs, as well as ethnic-linguistic and land settlement criteria. A. This Constitution recognizes and protects the indigenous peoples’ right to self- Right to self determination determination and, consequently, the right to autonomy, so that they can: I. Decide their internal forms of coexistence, as well their social, economic, political and cultural organization. II. Apply their own legal systems to regulate and solve their internal Indigenous right to self governance con�icts, subjected to the general principles of this Constitution, respecting the fundamental rights, the human rights and, above all, the dignity and safety of women. The law shall establish the way in which judges and courts will validate the aforementioned regulations. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 4 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 A. III. Elect, in accordance with their traditional rules, procedures and customs, Indigenous right to self governance their authorities or representatives to exercise their own form of internal government, guaranteeing the right to vote and being voted of indigenous women and men under equitable condition; as well as to guarantee the access to public of�ce or elected positions to those citizens that have been elected or designated within a framework that respects the federal pact and the sovereignty of the states. In no case the communitarian practices shall limit the electoral or political rights of the citizens in the election of their municipal authorities. IV. Preserve and enrich their languages, knowledge and all the elements that Protection of language use constitute their culture and identity. V. Maintain and improve their environment and lands, according to this Constitution. VI. Attain with preferential use of the natural resources of the sites inhabited Ownership of natural resources by their indigenous communities, except for the strategic resources de�ned by this Constitution. The foregoing rights shall be exercised respecting the forms of property ownership and land possession established in this Constitution and in the laws on the matter as well as respecting third parties’ rights. To achieve these goals, indigenous communities may form partnerships under the terms established by the Law. VII. Elect indigenous representatives for the town council in those Indigenous right to representation municipalities with indigenous population. Indigenous right to vote The constitutions and laws of the States shall recognize and regulate these rights in the municipalities, with the purpose of strengthening indigenous peoples’ participation and political representation, in accordance with their traditions and regulations. VIII. Have full access to State jurisdiction. In order to protect this right, in all Trial in native language of accused trials and proceedings that involve natives, individually or collectively, their customs and cultural practices must be taken into account, respecting the provisions established in this Constitution. Indigenous people have, at all times, the right to be assisted by interpreters and counsels, who are familiar to their language and culture. The constitutions and laws of the States and the Federal District shall establish those elements of self-determination and autonomy that may best express the conditions and aspirations of indigenous peoples in each State, as well as the rules, according to which indigenous communities will be de�ned as public interest entities. B. In order to promote equal opportunities for indigenous people and to eliminate Provisions for wealth redistribution discriminatory practices, the Federation, the Federal District, the States and the local councils shall establish the necessary institutions and policies to guarantee indigenous people’s rights and comprehensive development of indigenous communities. Such institutions and policies shall be designed and operated together with them. In order to eliminate the scarcities and backwardness affecting indigenous towns and communities, authorities are obliged to: I. Stimulate regional development in indigenous areas with the purpose of strengthening local economies and improving the quality of life. To achieve this goal, the three levels of government and the indigenous communities must take part in a coordinated manner. Local governments shall equitably determine the budget that is to be directly managed by the indigenous communities for speci�c goals. II. Guarantee education and increase educational level of indigenous peoples, favoring bilingual and cross-cultural education, literacy, completion of the elementary and secondary education, technical training, high education and university education. Also, the authorities must establish a scholarship system for indigenous students at all grades, as well as de�ne and carry out regional educational programs, according to indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage and opinion, and according to the law. Authorities must promote respect towards the several cultures of the Nation and knowledge about them. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 5 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 B. III. Enforce an effective access to health services by increasing the coverage of the national health services, while making good use of traditional medicine and also to improve the indigenous people’s nutrition through food programs focusing especially on children. IV. Improve the living conditions of indigenous communities and the spaces used for social activities and recreation through policies that enables the access to public and private �nancing for housing construction and home improvements, as well as policies that extend the coverage of basic social services. V. Promote indigenous women development by supporting their productive projects, protecting their health, granting incentives for their education and fostering indigenous women participation in decision-making process of their communities. VI. Extend the communication infrastructure, enabling integration of Telecommunications communities to the rest of the country, by constructing and expanding transportation routes and telecommunication means. Also, authorities are obliged to develop the conditions required so that indigenous peoples and communities may acquire, operate and manage media, in accordance with the law. VII. Support productive activities and sustainable development of indigenous communities through actions that allow them to achieve economic self- suf�ciency; granting incentives for public and private investments that create new jobs; the use of new technology to increase productive capacity and to assure equitable access to supply and marketing systems. VIII. Establish social policies to protect indigenous immigrants both, in Mexican territory and foreign countries, through actions that: assure farm workers’ labor rights, improve women’s health, provide special educational and nutrition programs for children and young people belonging to immigrant families, ensure their human rights are respected and spread indigenous peoples’ culture. IX. Consult indigenous peoples’ opinion and recommendations while Economic plans preparing the National Development Plan, the State plans and the local plans and, if appropriate, incorporate their recommendations and proposals. In order to enforce the obligations set forth herein, the House of Representatives, the legislative bodies of the Federal District and the States, as well as the Municipal Councils, within the scope of their jurisdictions, shall establish speci�c budgets to comply with these obligations, as well as the procedures enabling communities to participate in the exercise and supervision thereof. Any community comparable to indigenous peoples shall have the same rights as the indigenous people, according to the law, without detrimental to rights of natives, their communities and peoples established in this Constitution. Article 3 Compulsory education All people have the right of education. The State – Federation, States, Federal District and Municipalities – will provide preschool, elementary, middle and high education. Preschool, elementary and middle educations are considered as basic education; these and the high school education will be mandatory. Reference to fraternity/solidarity Education provided by the State shall develop harmoniously all human abilities and will stimulate in pupils the love for the country, respect for human rights and the principles of international solidarity, independence and justice. The State will guarantee the quality in mandatory education, in a way that educational material and methods, school organization, educational infrastructure and the suitability of teachers and principals ensure the highest learning achievement of students. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 6 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 I. According to the Article 24 regarding the freedom of religion, the education Separation of church and state provided by the State shall be secular, therefore, state education shall be maintained entirely apart from any religious doctrine. II. The guiding principles for state education shall be based on scienti�c progress Reference to science and shall �ght against ignorance and its effects, servitude, fanaticism and prejudices. Furthermore, state education shall: a. Be democratic, understanding democracy not only as a legal structure and political regime, but also as a way of life grounded on the continuous economic, social and cultural development; b. Be national, which means that, without hostility or exclusivism, state Right to culture education shall cover national problems and the utilization of our resources, shall defend our political independence, assure our economic independence, and preserve and develop our culture; c. Contribute to a better human coexistence, in order to strengthen the Human dignity appreciation and respect for cultural diversity, human dignity, the integrity Reference to fraternity/solidarity of the family, the convictions over society’s general interest, the fraternity and equality of rights ideals, avoiding privileges based on race, religion, group, sex or individual, and d. It shall be of quality, based on the constant progress and highest academic achievement of the students; III. To fully comply with the provisions established in the second paragraph and under section II, the Federal Executive shall establish the syllabus for preschool, elementary and secondary education, as well as for teacher training colleges, to be applied throughout the country. To that end, the Federal Executive shall take into account the opinion of the States’ and the Federal District’s governments, as well as the opinions of civil society groups involved in education, teachers and parents, in accordance with the law. Additionally, admission to teaching positions and the promotions to management and supervisory positions in basic and medium education ran by the State shall be granted through competitive contest that shall guarantee that the knowledge and abilities are suitable for the post. The implementing law will set the criteria, terms and conditions of the mandatory evaluation for the admission, promotion, acknowledgment and continuance in the professional service with full respect to the constitutional rights of education workers. All admissions and promotions not granted according to law shall be deemed null and void. The provisions in this paragraph shall not be applicable to institutions referred to in section VII of this article; IV. All the education provided by the State shall be free of charge; Free education V. In addition to providing the preschool, elementary, middle and high education Right to culture mentioned in previous paragraphs, the State will promote and use all educational Reference to science types and modalities, from the starting education to the higher education, necessary for the development of the nation, will support scienti�c and technological research and will promote strengthening and spreading our culture; VI. Private entities may provide all kinds of education. In accordance with the law, the State shall have powers to grant and cancel of�cial accreditation to studies done at private institutions. In the case of pre-school, elementary and secondary education, as well as teacher training college, private schools must: a. Provide education in accordance with the same purposes and criteria established in paragraph second and section II, as well as to comply with the syllabus mentioned in section III; and b. Obtain a previous and explicit authorization from the authorities, under the terms provided by the Law. VII. Universities and other higher education institutions, upon which the law has Right to academic freedom conferred autonomy, shall have both the powers and the duty to govern Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 7 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 VII. themselves. They must subject themselves to the principles established in this article to educate, do research and promote culture, respecting academic freedom, researching freedom, freedom to apply exams and to discuss ideas. These institutions shall develop their academic plans; they shall establish the terms for admission, promotion and tenure of their academic personnel; and they shall manage their estate. Labor relationships between institution and academic and administrative personnel shall be governed by section A of article 123 of this Constitution, in accordance with the terms of the National Labor Relations Act for a specially regulated work, without interfering with the autonomy, academic freedom, research freedom and the goals of the institutions referred herein, VIII. In order to unify and coordinate education throughout the country, the Congress of the Union shall issue the necessary laws to allocate the social duty of education among the Federation, the States and the Municipalities, and shall establish the pertinent budget and the penalties applicable to those civil servants who fail to comply or enforce these provisions, and to any other offender thereof, and IX. In order to guarantee the provision of quality education services, the National Education Evaluation System has been created. The National Institute for the Evaluation of Education will coordinate said system. The National Institute for the Evaluation of Education will be an autonomous public agency, with legal personality and its own budget. The Institute shall evaluate the quality, performance and results of the national educational system in the preschool, elementary, junior high and high school. To that end, it shall: a. Design and perform the evaluation measurements corresponding to components, processes or results of this system; b. Issue the guidelines to which the federal and local educational authorities will be subject to, to perform the corresponding evaluation functions, and c. Generate and publicize information, based on which it will issue the relevant guidelines to contribute to decisions about the improvement of education quality and its equity as an essential factor in the search of social equality. Standing committees The Governing Board will be the managing body of the Institute and will be formed with �ve members. The Federal Executive will present a list of three candidates for consideration of the House of Senators, which, with previous appearance of the proposed persons, shall appoint the person to �ll the position. Appointment shall be decided with a two-thirds vote of the present members of the Senate or, during its recess, a two-thirds vote of the Permanent Commission, within a thirty days period not to be extended. Should the Senate fail to decide on the appointment within such time limit, the position will be �lled by one of the three candidates to be selected by the Federal Executive. In case that the Senate rejects the proposed list of three entirely, the Federal Executive shall submit a new one in accordance to the rules set forth in the previous paragraph. If the second list was rejected, the position will be �lled by one of the candidates in the list to be selected by the Federal Executive. Reference to science Members of the Governing Board shall be capable and experienced individuals in the �eld under the purview of the Institute, and shall meet the requirements set forth by law. They shall remain in of�ce for seven years in staggered terms, subject to only one reelection. Members of the Governing Board may not stay in of�ce for more than fourteen years. In case of vacancy, the substitute will be appointed to complete the respective term. They can only be removed for severe cause under the terms of Title IV of this Constitution, and they shall not hold any other position job, position or commission with the exception of those in which they act in representation of Institute and those non-remunerated positions in teaching, scienti�c, cultural or charitable activities. The Governing Board, in a collegiate manner shall appoint, by a 3-vote majority, the member that will preside for a term set by law. The law shall establish the rules for the organization and operation of the Institute, which will govern its activities according to the principles of Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 8 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 IX. independence, transparency, objectivity, pertinence, diversity and inclusion. The law shall establish the necessary mechanisms and actions to allow ef�cacious cooperation and coordination between the Institute and the federal and local education authorities to achieve a better discharge of their respective duties. Article 4 Provision for matrimonial equality Man and woman are equal under the law. The law shall protect the organization and Equality regardless of gender development of the family. Right to found a family Every person has the right to decide, in a free, responsible and informed manner, about the number of children desired and the timing between each of them. All individuals have the right to nutritional, suf�cient and quality nourishment. The State shall guarantee this. Right to health care Every person has the right to health protection. The law shall determine the bases and terms to access health services and shall establish the competence of the Federation and the Local Governments in regard to sanitation according to the item XVI in Article 73 of this Constitution. Protection of environment Any person has the right to a healthy environment for his/her own development and well-being. The State will guarantee the respect to such right. Environmental damage and deterioration will generate a liability for whoever provokes them in terms of the provisions by the law. Right to water Any person has the right of access, provision and drainage of water for personal and domestic consumption in a suf�cient, healthy, acceptable and affordable manner. The State will guarantee such right and the law will de�ne the bases, subsidies and modality for the equitable and sustainable access and use of the freshwater resources, establishing the participation of the Federation, local governments and municipalities, as well as the participation of the citizens for the achievement of such purposes. Right to shelter Any family has the right to enjoy a decent and respectable house. The law will set the instruments and supports necessary to achieve such objective. Any person has the right to identity and to be registered immediately after their birth. The State shall guarantee the compliance of these rights. The competent authority shall issue, without any cost, the �rst certi�ed copy of the birth certi�cate or registration. Rights of children The State, in all decisions it makes and all actions it carries out, will safeguard and comply with the principle of doing what is in the best interest of children, thus entirely guaranteeing their rights. Boys and girls have the right to having their nutritional, health, educational and recreational needs satis�ed for their proper development. This principle should guide the design, enforcement, following up and evaluation of the public policies focused on childhood. Ascendant relatives and guardians have the obligation of maintaining and demanding the compliance of these rights and principles. State support for children The State will grant aid to individuals in order to assist with the compliance of the rights of children. Right to culture Every person has cultural rights, has the right of access to culture and the right to enjoy state cultural services. The State shall provide the means to spread and develop culture, taking into account the cultural diversity of our country and respecting creative freedom. The law shall provide instruments that guarantee access and participation of any cultural expression. All individuals have a right to physical culture and the practice of sports. The State shall promote and stimulate this right by issuing laws on the matter. Article 5 Right to choose occupation No person may be prevented from performing the profession, industry, business or work of his choice, provided that it is lawful. This right may only be banned by judicial Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 9 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:49 resolution, when third parties’ rights are infringed, or by government order, issued according to the law when society’s rights are infringed. No one can be deprived of legal wages, except by a judicial ruling. In each state, the law shall determine which professions require a degree to be practiced, the requirements for such degree and the appropriate authorities to issue it. Right to just remuneration No one can be compelled to work or render personal services without obtaining a fair Prohibition of slavery compensation and without his full consent, unless the work has been imposed as a penalty by a judicial authority, which shall be subjected to the provisions established in the Article 123, sections I and II. Jury trials required Only the following public services may be mandatory, and always according to the Duty to serve in the military respective law: military service, jury service, councilman service and positions granted Census through the direct or indirect vote. Electoral and census duties shall be mandatory and free; however, those services performed professionally shall be paid as provided by this Constitution and any applicable laws. Social professional services shall be mandatory and remunerated according to the law and with the exceptions established in it. Any contract, pact or agreement, which purpose is the demerit, loss or irrevocable sacri�ce of a person’s liberty is prohibited. Any contract by which a person agrees to his own proscription or exile, or by which he temporarily or permanently waives his right to practice certain profession, industry or business shall not be authorized either. A work contract will oblige the person only to render the service mentioned in that contract during the term established by law, which may not exceed one year in detriment of the worker. The work contract cannot include the waiver, loss or damage of any political or civil right. In the event that the worker fails to ful�ll said contract, he only may be subjected to civil liability, but never may be exerted any coercion on him. Right to information Article 6 Freedom of expression Expression of ideas shall not be subject to judicial or administrative inquiry, except for Right to protect one's reputation those cases when such expression of ideas goes against the moral, privacy or the rights of third parties, causes perpetration of a felony, or disturbs the public order. The right of reply shall be exercised according to law. The State shall guarantee the right to information. Freedom of press Every person shall be entitled to free access to plural and timely information, as well as Freedom of expression to search for, receive and distribute information and ideas of any kind, through any means of expression. Telecommunications The State shall guarantee access to information and communication technology, access Radio to the services of radio broadcast, telecommunications and broadband Internet. To that end, the State shall establish effective competition conditions for the provision of such services. To accomplish the provisions of this article, the following points shall be observed: A. In order to exercise the right of access to information, the Federation, the States and the Federal District, according to their respective powers, shall act in accordance to the following basis and principles: I. All information in custody of any authority, entity or organ of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Powers, autonomous organisms, political parties, public funds or any person or group, such as unions, entitled with public funds or that can exercise authority at the federal, state or municipal level is public. This information may only be reserved temporarily due to public interest or national security, following the law provisions for this. The principle of maximum disclosure shall prevail when interpreting this right. The obligated subjects (obligors) must record every activity that derives from their authority, competence or function, the law will speci�cally establish the assumptions under the declaration of inexistence of information shall proceed. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 10