METHODOLOGIES AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR AGENT SYSTEMS The Agent-Oriented Software Engineering Handbook MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS, ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES, AND SIMULATED ORGANIZATIONS International Book Series Series Editor: Gerhard Weiss,Technische Universität München Editorial Board: Kathleen M. Carley, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA Yves Demazeau, CNRS Laboratoire LEIBNIZ, France Ed Durfee, University of Michigan, USA Les Gasser, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Nigel Gilbert, University of Surrey, United Kingdom Michael Huhns, University of South Carolina, SC, USA Nick Jennings, University of Southampton, UK Victor Lesser, University of Massachusetts, MA, USA Katia Sycara, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, USA Michael Wooldridge, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom Books in the Series: CONFLICTING AGENTS: Conflict Management in Multi-Agent Systems, edited by Catherine Tessier,Laurent Chaudron and Heinz-Jürgen Müller, ISBN: 0-7923-7210-7 SOCIAL ORDER IN MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS, edited by Rosaria Conte and Chrysanthos Dellarocas, ISBN: 0-7923-7450-9 SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTS: Creating Relationships with Computers and Robots, edited by Kerstin Dautenhahn, Alan H. Bond, Lola Cañamero and Bruce Edmonds, ISBN: 1-4020-7057-8 CONCEPTUAL MODELLING OF MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS: The CoMoMAS Engineering Environment, by Norbert Glaser, ISBN: 1-4020-7061-6 GAME THEORY AND DECISION THEORY IN AGENT-BASED SYSTEMS, edited by Simon Parsons, Piotr Gmytrasiewicz, Michael Wooldridge, ISBN: 1-4020-7115-9 REPUTATION IN ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES: Social Beliefs for Social Order, by Rosaria Conte, Mario Paolucci, ISBN: 1-4020-7186-8 AGENTAUTONOMY, edited by Henry Hexmoor, Cristiano Castelfranchi, Rino Falcone, ISBN: 1-4020-7402-6 AGENT SUPPORTED COOPERATIVE WORK, edited by Yiming Ye, Elizabeth Churchill, ISBN: 1-4020-7404-2 DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS, edited by Victor Lesser, Charles L. Ortiz, Jr., Milind Tambe, ISBN: 1-4020-7499-9 AN APPLICATION SCIENCE FOR MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS, edited by Thomas A. Wagner, ISBN: 1-4020-7867-6 METHODOLOGIES AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING FOR AGENT SYSTEMS The Agent-Oriented Software Engineering Handbook Edited by Federico Bergenti Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy Marie-Pierre Gleizes Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (CNRS – INP – UPS), France Franco Zambonelli Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBookISBN: 1-4020-8058-1 Print ISBN: 1-4020-8057-3 ©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston All rights reserved No part of this eBook maybe reproducedor transmitted inanyform or byanymeans,electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Contents Contributing Authors xi Foreword xxi Introduction xxvii Part I Concepts and Abstractions of Agent-Oriented Software Engineering Introduction 3 1 Agent-Based Abstractions for Software Development 5 Munindar P. Singh 1. Introduction 5 2. A Brief History of Software Development 7 3. Agents and Multiagent Systems 9 4. Agent-Based Software Development 13 5. Critical Directions 16 6. Conclusions 17 2 On the Use of Agents as Components of Software Systems 19 Federico Bergenti and Michael N. Huhns 1. Introduction 19 2. Software Agents vs. Software Components 20 3. Semantically Reusing Agents and Components 25 4. Discussion 30 3 A Survey on Agent-Oriented Oriented Software Engineering Research 33 Jorge J. Gómez-Sanz, Marie-Pierre Gervais and Gerhard Weiss 1. Introduction 33 2. Analysis 35 3. Design 41 4. Implementation 55 5. Testing 57 vi Methodologies and Software Engineering for Agent Systems 6. More Information 61 7. Conclusions 61 Part II Methodologies for Agent-Based Systems Development Introduction 65 4 The Gaia Methodology 69 Luca Cernuzzi, Thomas Juan, Leon Sterling and Franco Zambonelli 1. Introduction 69 2. Gaia in a Nutshell 70 3. Gaia v.2 75 4. The ROADMAP Methodology 79 5. Extending Gaia with AUML 84 6. Open Issues 87 7. Conclusions 87 5 The Tropos Methodology 89 Paolo Giorgini, Manuel Kolp, John Mylopoulos and Marco Pistore 1. Introduction 89 2. Overview 90 3. Formal Tropos 94 4. Socially-Based MAS Architectures 98 5. Goal Models 102 6. Conclusions 105 6 The MaSE Methodology 107 Scott A. DeLoach 1. Introduction 107 2. Methodology 108 3. Analysis Phase 108 4. Design Phase 117 5. agentTool 122 6. Applications 124 7. Comparison with other Methodologies 124 7 A Comparative Evaluation of Agent-Oriented Methodologies 127 Arnon Sturm and Onn Shehory 1. Introduction 127 2. The Evaluation Framework 129 3. Evaluating Gaia 134 4. Evaluating Tropos 138 5. Evaluating MaSE 143 6. Summary and Conclusion 147 Contents vii Part III Special-Purpose Methodologies Introduction 153 8 The ADELFE Methodology 157 Gauthier Picard and Marie-Pierre Gleizes 1. Introduction 157 2. ADELFE Methodology Overview 158 3. Preliminary Requirements 161 4. Final Requirements 161 5. Analysis 163 6. Design 165 7. ADELFE Tools 172 8. Comparison with other Methodologies 173 9. Conclusion 174 9 The MESSAGE Methodology 177 Giovanni Caire, Wim Coulier, Francisco Garijo, Jorge Gómez-Sanz, JuanPavón, Paul Kearney and Philippe Massonet 1. Introduction 177 2. The MESSAGE Methodology 178 3. Analysis/Design TravelAgent Case-Study 183 4. Considerations on Low-Level Design 191 5. Evaluation of MESSAGE 193 6. Conclusions 194 10 The SADDE Methodology 195 Carles Sierra, Jordi Sabater, Jaume Agusti and Pere Garcia 1. Introduction 195 2. The SADDE Methodology 196 3. A Case Study: The Electricity Market 199 4. Step1: The EBM 199 5. Step2: The Electronic Institution 203 6. Step 3: The ABM 206 7. Step 4: Multiagent System 210 8. Cycle P4 through Evolutionary Computing 210 9. Conclusions 214 11 The Prometheus Methodology 217 Michael Winikoff and Lin Padgham 1. Introduction 217 2. System Specification 220 3. Architectural Design 222 4. Detailed Design 226 5. Tool Support 228 viii Methodologies and Software Engineering for Agent Systems 6. Experiences with Using Prometheus 230 7. Related Work 231 8. Future Work 234 Part IV Tools and Infrastructures for Agent-Oriented Software Engineering 12 The AUML Approach 237 Marc-Philippe Huget, James Odell and Bernhard Bauer 1. Introduction 237 2. Agent UML Purpose 238 3. Current Work in Agent UML 239 4. Future Directions in Agent UML 252 5. Conclusion 256 13 FIPA-Compliant Agent Infrastructures 259 Fabio Bellifemine and Agostino Poggi 1. Introduction 259 2. FIPA 260 3. FIPA-Compliant Agent Infrastructures 262 4. JADE 264 5. Conclusions 272 14 Coordination Infrastructures in the Engineering of Multiagent Systems 273 Andrea Omicini, Sascha Ossowski and Alessandro Ricci 1. Introduction 273 2. Coordination in MAS 274 3. Infrastructures for MAS Engineering 278 4. Modelling Coordination Infrastructures with Activity Theory 283 5. Engineering MAS with Coordination Infrastructures 290 6. An Example of a Coordination Infrastructure 293 7. Discussion 295 Part V Non Traditional Approaches to Agent-Oriented Software Engineering Introduction 299 15 Engineering Amorphous Computing Systems 303 Radhika Nagpal and Marco Mamei 1. Introduction 303 2. The Amorphous Computing Model 305 3. Developmental Biology as an Inspiration 305 4. Towards Programming Languages 309 5. Pervasive Computing 315 Contents ix 16 Making Self-Organising Adaptive Multiagent Systems Work 321 Jean-Pierre Georgé, Bruce Edmonds and Pierre Glize 1. Introduction 321 2. Characterization of Emergence in Synthetic Systems 325 3. An Example of a MAS Technology using Emergence 327 4. Flood Forecast by Cooperative Self-Organizing Agents 331 5. Software Engineering Requirements for Self-Organizing MAS 337 6. Conclusion 340 17 Engineering Swarming Systems 341 H. Van Dyke Parunak and Sven A. Brueckner 1. What is Swarming? 341 2. Where would You Want to Use Swarming? 349 3. Why does Swarming Work? 353 4. How can We Apply these Principles in Engineered Systems? 364 5. Conclusion and Prospect 375 18 Online Engineering and Open Computational Systems 377 Martin Fredriksson and Rune Gustavsson 1. Introduction 377 2. Open Computational Systems 379 3. Online Engineering 382 4. Methodological Benchmarking 386 5. Concluding Remarks and Future Work 388 Part VI Emerging Trends and Perspectives Introduction 393 19 Agents for Ubiquitous Computing 395 Zakaria Maamar, Walter Binder and Boualem Benatallah 1. Introduction 395 2. Examples on Ubiquitous Computing 397 3. Background 398 4. Dimensions of Ubiquitous Computing 401 5. Contributions of Agents to Ubiquitous Computing 404 6. Conclusion 411 20 Agents and the Grid 413 Luc Moreau, Michael Luck, Simon Miles, Juri Papay, Keith Decker and Terry Payne 1. Introduction 413 2. The Grid and Bioinformatics 414 3. Agents in Bioinformatics Grids 416