METAPHYSICS, SOUL, AND ETHICS IN ANCIENT THOUGHT This page intentionally left blank Metaphysics, Soul, and Ethics in Ancient Thought Themes from the work of Richard Sorabji Edited by RICARDO SALLES CLARENDON PRESS . OXFORD 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto WithoYcesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan SouthKorea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)TheSeveralContributors2005 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2005 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN0–19–926130–X 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 TypesetbyKolamInformationServicePvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India. PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd, King’sLynn,Norfolk FOREWORD The work of Richard Sorabji spans over four decades and encompasses practicallythewholeofthehistoryofancientthought.Thebreadthofhis work, combined with his distinctively philosophical concerns and close attentiontointellectualcontextualdetail,haveestablishedhimasonethe leading scholars in the study of ancient philosophy in the past half- century. Metaphysics, the nature of soul, and ethics are three areas in which his research has transformed our understanding of the deep rela- tionsbetweenancientandmodernthinkers.Theywerethereforeselected as the main headings under which the several papers presented here are organized.Someofthemarepolemicalandtheyallreflectsomehowtheir authors’ indebtedness to his ground-breaking contributions to these areas. The essays dealing with Metaphysics range from Democritus to Numenius on basic questions about the structure and nature of reality: atoms, necessitation, properties, and time. The section on Soul includes one essay on the individuation of souls in Plato and five essays on Aristotle’s and Aristotelian conceptions of the relation between soul andbody,and,especially,ofthephysicalbasisofperception.Theessays on Ethics concentrate upon Stoicism and the complex views the Stoics heldonsuchtopicsasmotivation,akrasia,oikeio¯sis,andtheemotions.It also includes one essay on the influence of Greek ethics in Modern Philosophy. The whole is complemented by an Intellectual Autobiog- raphybyRichardSorabjiandafullBibliographyofhisworks. Theprojectofwhichthepresentvolumeisthefinaloutcomebeganlife on a bitterly cold day of the English winter at Oxford, when I first told Richard about the possibility of doing a conference in his honour. The conferencewas heldin thewarmandsunnyMexicoCityofMarch2001 at the Institute of Philosophical Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Early versions of many of the essays that are published here were delivered at the conference. The conference, and now this volume, sought to bring together specialists with different backgrounds, interests and methodologies. Only so would it be possible togiveaminimallyaccurateideaofthecomplexityandtheextentofthe influenceofhisworkonpeoplestudyingancientphilosophynowadays. AtUNAM’sInstituteofPhilosophicalResearch,theprojectasawhole receivedthegeneroussupportofitsDirector,PauletteDieterlen.Among other crucial things, she kindly arranged the conference to take place at the Conference Center of the beautiful Botanical Garden of the main vi Foreword campus. Both the conference and part of the research involved in the edition of the present volume were financed by the General Office for AcademicAffairs(DGAPA)oftheUNAMandtheNationalCouncilfor Research and Technology (CONACYT) through the following projects: PAPIITIN401799andIN401301,andCONACYTJ30724and40891A. The final steps of the edition were carried out during a Fellowship at Harvard’sCenterforHellenicStudiesinWashingtonDC.AttheCenterI greatly benefited from the expert knowledge and assistance of Erika Bainbridge in compiling the Sorabji Bibliography. My gratitude also goes to M. M. McCabe and Bob Sharples in London for their ongoing supportandadvicethroughouttheproject,totheseveralcontributorsfor theirenthusiasmandtheirhelp,nottomentiontheirpatience,aswellas to Peter Momtchiloff, Rupert Cousens, Rebecca Bryant, and Jacqueline BakerfortheirinterestintheprojectandtheirhelpatOxford. R.S. CONTENTS list of contributors x 1. IntellectualAutobiography 1 1. RichardSorabji Metaphysics 37 2. IntrinsicandRelationalPropertiesofAtomsin theDemocriteanOntology 39 1. AlexanderP.D.Mourelatos 3. NecessitationandExplanationinPhiloponus’ AristotelianPhysics 65 1. SylviaBerryman 4. AContemporaryLookatAristotle’sChangingNow 81 1. SarahBroadie 5. OntheIndividuationofTimesandEventsin OrthodoxStoicism 95 1. RicardoSalles 6. StoicMetaphysicsatRome 117 1. DavidSedley 7. PlatonismintheBible:NumeniusofApamea onExodusandEternity 143 1. M.F.Burnyeat TheSensesandtheNatureofSoul 171 8. PlatonicSoulsasPersons 173 1. A.A.Long viii Contents 9. AristotleversusDescartesontheConceptoftheMental 193 1. CharlesH.Kahn 10. PerceptionnaturalizedinAristotle’sDeanima 209 1. RobertBolton 11. TheSpiritandtheLetter:AristotleonPerception 245 1. VictorCaston 12. TheDiscriminatingCapacityoftheSoulinAristotle’s TheoryofLearning 321 1. FransA.J.deHaas 13. AlexanderofAphrodisiasontheNatureand LocationofVision 345 1. RobertW.Sharples Ethics 363 14. Plato’sStoicViewofMotivation 365 1. GabrielaRoxanaCarone 15. ThePresenceofSocratesandAristotleinthe StoicAccountofAkrasia 383 1. MarceloD.Boeri 16. ExtendorIdentify:TwoStoicAccountsofAltruism 413 1. MaryMargaretMcCabe 17. CompetingReadingsofStoicEmotions 445 1. ChristopherGill 18. WereZenoandChrysippusatOddsinAnalyzingEmotion? 471 1. A.W.Price 19. SenecaonFreedomandAutonomy 489 1. BradInwood Contents ix 20. MoralPhilosophyandtheConditionsofCertainty: Descartes’MoraleinContext 507 1. M.W.F.Stone RichardSorabjiBibliography 551 index locorum 561 index of names 587