METAPHOR, ALLEGORY, AND THE CLASSICAL TRADITION This page intentionally left blank Metaphor, Allegory, and the Classical Tradition Ancient Thought and Modern Revisions Edited by G. R. BOYS-STONES 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2003 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data applied for ISBN 0–19–924005–1 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by T. J. International, Padstow, Cornwall PREFACE In Hilary Term of 1997, baffled as I had become by ancient definitions of allegory in the course of my own research into the philosophical useof the term, I organized a seminar on metaphor and allegory at Corpus Christi College Oxford, under the aegis of the Centre for the Study of Greek and Roman Antiquity. The idea was that, since ancient rhetoricians defined allegory in terms of metaphor, the study of each might contribute to our under- standing of the other. Joining me in the attempt were Paul Crowther, Andrew Laird, Christoph Leidl, Geoffrey Lloyd, Glenn Most, Donald Russell, Anne Sheppard, and Michael Silk. I would like to thank all of them for making a successful and enjoyable series in the first place; also Stephen Harrison, who was Director of the Centre when the seminar was held. That I was able to down pen and organize a seminar like this for the frivolous (and not entirely unusual) circumstance that I found something baffling, I owe to the British Academy and Corpus Christi College itself, for a Junior Research Fellowship each. The present volume is, of course, based on the seminar. It has been helped and hindered on its course in various ways: among our benefactors have been, from its earliest days, Hilary O’Shea, and the anonymous readers at Oxford University Press. During the latest stage of its production, it was materially benefited by Tony Woodman’s advice and help. Most regrettable of the hindrances was the death of Don Fowler, who was part of the original proposal submitted to OUP in the Summer of 1997. We take this opportunity once again to regret his passing. G.B.-S. April 2002 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Contributors ix Abbreviations x 1. Introduction 1 G. R. Boys-Stones 2. Metaphor, Simile, and Allegory as Ornaments of 7 Style Doreen Innes Part I: Metaphor 3. The Harlot’s Art: Metaphor and Literary Criticism 31 Christoph G. Leidl 4. Plato on Metaphors and Models 55 E. E. Pender 5. Literary Metaphor and Philosophical Insight: The 83 Significance of Archilochus Paul Crowther 6. The Problem of Metaphor: Chinese Reflections 101 G. E. R. Lloyd 7. Metaphor and Metonymy: Aristotle, Jakobson, 115 Ricoeur, and Others Michael Silk Part II: Allegory 8. Figures of Allegory from Homer to Latin Epic 151 Andrew Laird 9. Allegory and Exegesis in the Derveni Papyrus: 177 The Origin of Greek Scholarship Dirk Obbink 10. The Stoics’ Two Types of Allegory 189 G. R. Boys-Stones 11. The Rhetoric of the Homeric Problems 217 Donald Russell viii Contents 12. Origen on Christ, Tropology, and Exegesis 235 Mark Edwards Bibliography 257 Index of Passages Cited 279 General Index 299 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS G. R. Boys-Stones is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Durham. Paul Crowther is Professor of Art and Philosophy at the International University of Bremen. Mark Edwards is Lecturer in Patristics at the University of Oxford, and Tutor in Theology at Christ Church Oxford. Doreen Innes is Emeritus Fellow of St Hilda’s College Oxford. Andrew Laird is Reader in Classics at the University of Warwick. Christoph G. Leidl is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Heidelberg. G. E. R. Lloyd is Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy and Science at the University of Cambridge. Dirk Obbink is Lecturer in Papyrology and Greek Literature at the University of Oxford, and Tutor in Greek and MacArthur Fellow of Christ Church Oxford. E. E. Pender is Lecturer in Classics at the University of Leeds. Donald Russell is Emeritus Professor of Classical Literature, and Emeritus Fellow of St John’s College Oxford. Michael Silkis Professor of Greek Language and Literature at King’s College London.