Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome The Joan Palevsky Imprint in Classical Literature In honor of beloved Virgil— “O degli altri poeti onore e lume . . .” —Dante,Inferno Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome Arthur M. Eckstein UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley . Los Angeles . London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eckstein, Arthur M. Mediterranean anarchy, interstate war, and the rise of Rome / Arthur M. Eckstein. p. cm.—(Hellenistic culture and society ; 48) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13, 978-0-520-24618-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10 0-520-24618-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Rome—History-Republic, 510–30 b.c. 2. Rome—Foreign relations—510–30 b.c. 3. Anarchism. 4. War. 5. International relations. I. Title. dg237.e27 2006 937'.02—dc22 2006031443 Manufactured in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 50% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper). For Erich Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque Ennius Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Maps xviii 1. Political Science and Roman History 1 2. Realist Paradigms of Interstate Behavior 12 3. The Anarchic Structure of Interstate Relations in Classical Greece 37 4. The Anarchic Structure of Interstate Relations in the Hellenistic Age 79 5. Terrores Multi:The Rivals of Rome for Power in Italy and the Western Mediterranean 118 6. Rome and Roman Militarism within the Anarchic Interstate System 181 7. Roman Exceptionalism and Nonexceptionalism 244 Appendix to Chapter 6: Roman Commanding Generals Killed in Battle with Foreign Enemies, 340s–140s b.c. 317 Bibliography 319 Index 343 Acknowledgments A major scholarly work is often long in gestation, and many friends at various stages help it along the path toward publication. This book is no exception. Portions of the original manuscript were read and carefully commented upon by Hans Beck, Craige Champion, and Boris Dreyer, as well as by the anonymous referees at the University of California Press. These scholars of antiquity both encouraged the project and saved me from errors. And special thanks are owed to John Rich of the University of Nottingham. It is striking how the Internet has created the fruitful in- teractions of an international republic of scholars. My gratitude to these historians does not mean, of course, that they necessarily agree with what is said in this book. From across the disciplinary boundaries, meanwhile, the project received the encouragement of the political scientists Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, Kenneth Waltz, and William C. Wohlforth. It is significant that few historians of antiquity will be familiar with these names. At the University of California Press, the project was overseen by Laura Cerruti and Cindy Fulton. As usual, Jeannie Rutenburg provided continuous scholarly commentary, as well as support and love, through- out the researching and writing. This book is dedicated, in gratitude, to Erich S. Gruen: a profound and rigorous scholar, the best undergraduate lecturer I ever saw, the best graduate seminar instructor I ever experienced, and in general a model of generosity, courage, and humane interactions. If human beings were all like Erich, the world would be a better place than it is, and heavily militarized anarchy would be a subject merely for antiquarians. ix