Medieval Lives in Castleton and Hope Report on the historical research for the Medieval common people in Castleton and Hope villages. Produced as part of the Lives of the Common People project, January 2012 - July 2013. By Di Curtis, Angela Darlington, Kay Harrison, Jeanette Holmes, Patricia Miles, Ann Price, John Talbot and Bill Bevan. Castleton and Hope Historical Societies July 2013 Castleton Historical Society and Hope Historical Society Abstract Angela Darlington The period covered by this document extends over nearly 600 years from the Norman Conquest to the English Civil War. In focusing on the lot of the common people of Castleton and Hope, it provides a backcloth in terms of the land that they occupied, and some of the most important influences in their day-to-day lives. They raised their families in unpredictable circumstances affected by the vagaries of climate and disease. In what was already a difficult existence, they also had to contend with the constraints of forest rule and the onerous burden of taxation. The church and the lead-mining industry both played a central part in these two North Derbyshire communities. The scene is set with William the Conqueror’s great Domesday survey and a discussion of the differences between the two villages in terms of land areas, taxable value and administration as described for 1066 and 1086. At the time of the Norman Conquest Hope was a larger and much more important settlement than Castleton, but within 20 years of the Conquest was apparently declining in economic status whilst Castleton was growing. Hopedale within the Royal Forest of Peak was the home of Hope and Castleton villages and so Forest Law was central to the people that lived and worked there. The section on the Royal Forest describes the hierarchy that protected it and made rulings on apparently frequent misdemeanours including those of “vert and venison” that generated yet another source of income for the Crown. Hope had a Saxon church and Castleton’s St Edmund’s Church dates from at least early Norman times. Both institutions played a very large part in the daily life of the community not least in the tithes that were collected over hundreds of years. The differences in the ways the two churches developed are discussed, pointing out their divergent jurisdiction from the th second half of the 12 century, and the difficulties that faced parishioners during the Reformation and the Commonwealth. Following on from the topic of church tithes, the many and varied forms of taxing subjects, from the early taxes such as “geld”, “heriot” and “scutage”, to Elizabethan Poor Law and Charles’s use of Ship Money to raise funds during the period when parliament was abolished are discussed. Each type of tax is thoroughly explained and placed into general context, and reference is made to certain very good records for Hope and Castleton that are available on e.g. the Poll taxes and the Exchequer Lay Subsidies. These provide insights into the incomes, occupations, and continuity of names over the 600-year period of the project. Chapter 6 on Crime and Punishments specifically covers examples from the Derbyshire Eyres of 1281 and the Forest Rolls relating to Castleton and Hope, explaining concepts such as “frankpledge”, “englishry” and “murdrum”. The earlier chapter on the Peak Forest provides the context for crimes concerning brewing and baking, and we see an important function of the village church as a place of sanctuary. High rates of violent crime would have been part of everyday life for the common man. Apart from the taxes imposed to fund them, the impacts of war were intermittent. Chapter 7 describes in some detail the Scottish Wars of Edward II (in which the High Peak was required to raise 300 archers), musters for a possible Spanish invasion under Elizabeth I and events during the Civil War, with reference to some important local characters. Land transactions are some of the most widely surviving documents from our period of research and provide us with significant information on the fortunes of local families, including their social rankings, where they lived and what lands they held. The section on Hope focuses on three historic properties including for example King’s Hague which has links to the Eyres, a family prominent in the area for more than 700 years. A few original land transfer documents dating from the early 1300s are held at local archives, others came th th from a variety of immensely valuable transcripts compiled by antiquarians in the 19 /20 century. As well as family names we found evidence of place names that are still in use today; in particular records of field names have value in providing evidence of the medieval open fields of both Castleton and Hope. The history of both villages is inextricably linked to the industry of lead mining, as well as to agriculture. A detailed account of the mines, the life of the miners who worked them and the gentry that exploited them has been compiled. Mining in the Hope Valley is thought to go back to Saxon times; Odin Mine beneath Mam Tor was the earliest named mine in the area for which we have records (1280). The laws relating to mining are described in some depth. A few prominent local surnames are discussed, with a thorough treatment of the Woodroffe family of Hope. Many of our local names originated from occupations, and only became hereditary in the 1300s. Occupations in the Castleton area as listed in the 1381 poll tax and Court Rolls, and the laws governing brewers, bakers and butchers are discussed Finally the document concludes with an analysis of wills and inventories from 1547 for Castleton and from 1620 for Hope, up until 1650. Whilst these do not strictly span the medieval period they make the link to early modern times in the Hope Valley and tell us a great deal about the social history of the ordinary people who lived and died there. Acknowledgements Castleton and Hope Historical Societies would like to thank everyone who has been involved in the documentary research for the project. The following people researched documents which formed the basis for the report - Holly Bee, Bill Bevan, Andrew Bower, Valerie Burgess, Bob Campbell, Joan Clough, Di Curtis, Alan Darlington, Angela Darlington, Leah Fleetwood, Kay Harrison, Ian Holmes, Jeanette Holmes, Richard Ledingham, Sheila Martin, Patricia Miles, Moira Monteith, Richard Monteith, Sandra Pillans, Ann Price, Liz Rigney, Jill Robson, David Sissons, Esme Talbot, John Talbot. Castleton and Hope Historical Societies are very grateful to Ron Weston and the Yeardley Latinists Group for transcription and translation of various documents in Latin. Pat Cullum and David Hey offered guidance in medieval society and help with interpreting records such as Court Rolls. Patricia Miles is indebted to Dr J.H Rieuwerts for his help and advice in researching the medieval lead mining history of Castleton and Hope. Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Domesday 3 3. Peak Forest 6 4. Castleton and Hope Parish Churches 1066 – 1650 21 5. Taxation 30 6. Crime and Punishment 39 7. Wars and Rumours of Wars 45 8. Land Transactions and Land Use 49 9. Field Names 61 10. Lead Mining 1066 - 1642 69 11. Castleton and Hope Names and a Notable Family 93 12. Occupations in Castleton and Hope 101 13. Wills and Inventories 105 14. Conclusions 128 15 Bibliography 129 Figures Figure 1. Location of Castleton and Hope. 2 Figure 2. The boundaries of Peak Forest. Figure: Di Curtis, Alan Darlington. 7 Figure 3. St Peter’s Church, Hope is probably on the site of the original Saxon 22 church. Photo: David Price. th Figure 4. St Edmund’s Church, Castleton with its 14 Century tower. Photo: 23 Alan Darlington. Figure 5. The 1273 Easter Roll lists some Hope landowners. Photo: John Talbot, 26 courtesy of Lichfield Record Office. Figure 6. The distribution of taxation levels in the 1381 poll tax. Figure: Angela 33 Darlington. Figure 7. Populations of Derbyshire and England, UK. Figure: Angela 42 Darlington. Figure 8. Redseats Barn. Photo: Alan Darlington. 51 Figure 9. Locations of Birchfield, Eccles House, Kings Haigh and Twitchill 55 Farm. Map with text: Alan Darlington. Figure 10. The 1691 Map of the Waste Land in Hope showing Twytchill and 56 Kingshague . Courtesy of Derbyshire R ecord Office. . Figure 11. Field names from the 1819 Castleton township map. Map with text: 63 Alan Darlington. Figure 12. Locations of ridge and furrow in Hope parish marked with directional 64 arrows. 4a.The Riddings and 4b.New Hall; areas mentioned in 1691. Map with text: Alan Darlington. Figure 13. Ridge and furrow reveals the arable strips of the Medieval common 65 fields behind Hope Valley College. Photo: Ann Price. Figure 14. Strip fields in Castleton. Photo : Di Curtis. 65 Figure 15. Sketch derived from “The rough estate plans of Hope”. Sketch: Di 68 Curtis Figure 16. Odin Mine has been worked since at least the Medieval period. Photo: 70 Ann Price. Figure 17. Mining waste at Pindale; photo Robin Blake during Landscape Survey. 89 Figure 18. Incidence per head of population of the name “Eyre” in the 1881 94 census. Figure 19. Incidence per head of population of the name “Woodroffe” in the 1881 95 census. Figure 20. Incidence per head of population of the name “Trickett” in the 1881 96 census. Figure 21. Medieval grave slabs in Hope Church; the carving represents, swords, 97 arrows and hunting horns suggesting the dead were Foresters in Peak Forest. Photo Ann Price. Figure 22. Occupations as listed in the 1381 poll tax for “Villa de Castulton”. 101 Figure 23. Occupations inferred from the 1381 poll tax for “Villa de Castulton”. 102 Figure 24. The distribution of taxation levels in the 1381 poll tax. 103 Figure 25. Inventory of Thomas Tym who left left little tables on his death. Listed 105 below the tables are a land iron (to support wood in a fire) and a rackentail an (iron bar for hanging a pot over a fire). Photo: Bill Bevan, courtesy of Lichfield Record Office. Figure 26. Occupations of testators. 107 Figure 27. Year of inventory for Castleton per decade. 110 Figure 28. Year of inventory for both villages per decade. 111 Figure 29. Months when inventories were written, taken as a proxy for month of 111 death. Figure 30. Rates of inflation 1530 – 1650. Drawn from Outhwaite 1982. 113 Figure 31. A harrow, plough, irons and an axe are listed in Thomas Bockinge of 121 Hope’s inventory in 1635. Photo: Bill Bevan, courtesy of Lichfield Record Office. Figure 32. Table of Debts. 123 1. Introduction Di Curtis This report is the result of the documentary research conducted as part of Castleton and Hope Historical Societies’ Lives of the Medieval Common People Project. Members of the project documentary research group undertook research between February 2012 and April 2013 with the aim of identifying evidence for the lives of the more ordinary residents of the two parishes for the period between the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the English Civil War of 1642-51. The group searched documents in Derbyshire Record Office, Lichfield Archives, Sheffield Archives and the National Archives, as well as printed transcripts of court rolls in the University of Sheffield. Types of documents included wills and inventories, land deeds, historical maps, close, fine and patent rolls, inquisitions and other court and ecclesiastical records. The study area was the modern parishes of Castleton and Hope, though Hope was a much larger area during the medieval period and it is difficult to identify references to the modern parish rather than the wider area. The following chapters are the result of this monumental task, undertaken in less than 18 months. The report is ordered into chapters which seem best to convey the results of the research and help to give insights into how the ordinary people of Hope and Castleton lived in Medieval society. The Archive consists of all documents retrieved, with details of source, reference number, brief extract of content, and the type of record made(either digital or photocopy ) which has been stored for future consultation as an Excel file. A file of paper “slips” recording this information was also kept because not everyone has access to a computer or is able to work with online material. All digital images are stored in a separate archive which is available for consultation, by request through the societies’ web sites. Many of the photocopied documents have been digitised, a task which we hope to complete over the next year, when they will be available for consultation by request through the societies’ web sites. The final documentary report was written by the named individuals and expertly put together under the general editorship of Bill Bevan The project and this report are funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. 1 Figure 1. Location of Castleton and Hope. 2 2. Domesday Bill Bevan "While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth". Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. As with many parishes in the Midlands, the first documentary record of Castleton and Hope is the AD 1086 Domesday (Morgan 1978). Domesday was a survey of much of England, mostly the Midlands and south, and of parts of Wales undertaken under the orders of King William I (The Conqueror) to identify what his financial assets were. The survey recorded who the landowners were, what was the value of their land, what livestock they held and what taxes they had paid to Edward the Confessor. Often, we see changes in landowner and land value between the time of Edward’s death in 1066 and 1086. A group of royal officers visited most shires where they held a public inquiry, probably in the shire court, where each township in the shire was represented. Despite Derbyshire being a shire long before Domesday, it was combined with Nottinghamshire and was served by the shire court in Nottingham until AD 1256 (David Hey pers. comm.). The survey was undertaken by the Hundred, or Wapentake in Norse-dominated areas, which was an administrative subdivision of the shire. Six Saxon and Six Norman jurors swore to the accuracy of the return for each Hundred. The judgement was final and there was no right of appeal. Within a century, the survey was known by the English as The Domesday– The Day of Judgement. Castleton’s entry in Domesday, where it is known as Pechesers (Peak’s Arse) - referring to Peak’s Cavern. County: Derbyshire. Hundred: Blackwell. Total population: 3 households. Total tax assessed: 2 geld units. Taxable units: Taxable value 2 geld units. Value: Value to lord in 1066 £2. Value to lord in 1086 £2.5. Households: 3 villagers. Ploughland: 2 ploughlands [land for use by two ploughs]. 4 lord's plough teams. 1 men's plough teams. Other resources: Meadow 8 acres. Lords in 1066: Arnbiorn of Castleton; Hunding of Castleton. Lord in 1086: William Peverel. Tenant-in-chief in 1086: William Peverel. Hope’s entry in Domesday. Hope parish at this time was a massive area that included Aston, Edale, Muchedeswelle, Offerton, Shatton, Stoke and Tideswell all by name in Domesday. Chapel-en-le-Frith was also part of Hope that this time. Where we refer to Hope in this section we mean this much larger parish. Interestingly Aston and Bradwell were listed separately. 3