... MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE mAN COMMUNITYAT KAMPUNG SEBUBU SARATOK, SRI AMAN AlbertKuin Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) fg 2005 A333 2005 1 khid~~:"'~':'mat J:'usat Akadel! P.KH/DMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWA UN/MAS Q4,OO KOla Samarahan 1111111111111111111111111111 1000143780 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY AT KAMPUNG SEBUBU SARATOK, SRI AMAN ALBERTKUIN This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science with Honors (Plant Resource Science and Management) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2005 ,..... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thanks God for his love to make me can finish up this paper. I also would like to take this opportunity to thanks Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cheksum Tawan for her guidance, suggestions, constructive comments and advice toward the writing of this Project Paper. Thanks for your consideration and support. I also wish to record my gratitude and appreciation to all individual to assisted me directly and indirectly especially to all laboratory assistant of Rumah Tumbuhan Unimas; Encik Mohd. Rizan Abddulah, Haji Karni Taha and Encik Sekudan Tedong for their contributions. I also want to thanks to all individual that assisted me during the ethnobotanical survey especially to Sela Inggang, Alex Sela, Ronny Friday and Meekiong. Thank you for the cooperation. Lastly, I would to express my thanks to Sweetie Munsing, Ezra Uda, Slyvester Maring, Joshua Juan and all UCF members and my beloved family. Your prayer always is with me ,.... Yusat Khidrnat Maklumat Akadel UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWJ Q4100 KOla Samarahan T ABLE OF CONTENTS Titles Page Acknowledgement Table of Contents ii List of Table and Figures iii List of Plates iv Abstract vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1: Ethnobotanical Surveys for Botanical Information 10 Herbarium Samples 3.2: Preparation ofExtract and Phytochemical Screening 11 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1: Species Description, Uses and Preparations 15 4.2: Preliminary Phytochemical Test 47 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 58 REFERENCES 59 11 - List of Tables Pages Table 1: List of Medicinal Plants Collected and Their Uses 44 Table 2: Result of Preliminary Alkaloid Test 47 Table 3: Result of Preliminary Saponin Test 48 Table 4: Result of Preliminary Flavonoid Test 49 Figures 1: Location of the Study Site 14 iii I List of Plates Page Plate 1 : Phaenthus splendens Miq 53 Plat(2 ,: Annona muricata L. 53 Plate 3 : Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. 53 Plate 4 : Colocasia esculenta L. 53 Plate 5 : Homalomena sp. 53 Plate 6 : Blechnum orientale L. 53 Plate 7 : Impatients balsam ina L. 54 Plate 8 : Carica papaya L. 54 Plate 9 : Blumea balsamifera L. 54 Plate 10: Axonopus compressus 54 Plate 11: Cassia alata L. 54 Plate 12: Leeaca indica (Bunn.f.) Merr 54 Plate 13: Melastoma malabathricum L. 55 Plate 14: Lansium domesticum Carr. 55 Plate 15: Ficus grossulariodes Bunn.f 55 Plate 16: Psidium,guajava L. 55 Plate 17: Nephrolepis biserrata SW. Schaat 55 Plate 18: Piper betle L. 55 Plate 19: Peperomia pelucida 56 Plate 20: Morinda citrifolia L. 56 Plate 21: Kemedu (Unidentified) 56 Plate 22: Lasianthus sp. 56 Plate 23: Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Raxb. 56 iv MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE IBAN COMMUNITY AT KAMPUNG SEBUBU SARATOK, SRI AMAN Albert Kuin Plant Resource and Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology University Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan ABSTRACT A study on medicinal plants was carried out at Kampung Sebubu to document its uses among the Iban community. Thirty species of medicinal plants from 29 genera and 25 families with one species are unidentified were collected and documented. The specimen collected were preserved and kept at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Herbarium (HUMS). Most of the medicinal plants are used for treating eye infections. shingles, abscesses, body pain, fungal infection, stop flatulence, stop bleeding, reduce high blood and others. Out of 30 species, 10 species were tested for the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid and saponin using their leaves or all part of specimen. The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that all the 10 species contained alkaloid. Among the species that showed strong positive presence of alkaloid is Lasianthus sp., Premna cordi/olia Roxb.and Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxb. (+++). In saponin testing, it showed that Nephrolepis biserrata SW. Schoot and Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. had a high saponin contents (+++). Vitex pubescens Vah!., Ficus grossulariodes Burm.fand Phaenthus splendens Miq are have less of saponin (+). All of the species tested showed the present of flavonoid except Lasianthus sp., Vi/ex pubescens Vahl and Kemedu. Key words: Medicinal plants, Iban communities, Kampung Sebubu, alkaloid, saponin & flavonoid testing. ABSTRACT Kajian ke atas tumbuhan ubatan yang memaparkan keggunaannya di dalam masyarakat Iban telah dijalankan di KamplIllg Sebubu. Sebanyak 30 spesies daripada 29 genera dan 25 famili tumbuhan ubatan dengan satu spesies tidak dapat diidentifikasikanm telah dikenalpasti dan didekumentasikan. Koleksi spesimen telah diawet dan dislmpan di Herbarium Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Kebanyakan tumbuhan ubatan ini digunakan untuk merawat penyakit mata, kayap, beng1cak ,1itka pada badan, jangkitan fungi, menghentikan pendarahan, cirit birit, menurunkan tinggi darah dan sebagainya. Daripada 30 species, 10 spesies dipilih untuk upan kehadiran alkaloid, saponin dan flavonoid dengan menggunakan daun atau kesuluruhan sampe/. Ujian alkaloid memmjukkan kehadiran alkaloid yang tinggi pada Lasianthus sp., Premna cordi/olia dan Uncaria acida (Hunt.) Roxb.( +++). Ujian saponin menunjukkan Nephrolepis biserrata SW Schoot dan Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br mengandungi kadar saponin yang tertinggi {++ +}. Vitex pubescens Vahl, Ficus grossulariodes Burm.{ dan Phaenthus splendens Mig mengandungi kadar saponin yang terendah (+). Seml/a spesies menunjukkan kehadiranflavonoid kecl/ali Lasianthus sp., Vitex pubescens Vahl. and 'Kemedu '. Kala kunci : Tumbuhan ubatan, masyarakat Iban, Kampl/ng Sebubu, alkaloid, saponin &flavonoid VI ,..... I Plate 24: Genderusa sp. 56 Plate 25: Citrus limon L. 57 Plate 26: Premna cordifolia Roxb. 57 Plate 27: Physalis minima L. 57 Plate 28: Vi/ex pubescens Yah!. 57 Plate 29: Alpinia galanga (L.). Wild 57 Plate 30: Helicia sp. 57 v ,.... CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION All known culture from ancient time to the present day has used plants as a source of medicines. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 70 % of the world's population uses medicinal plant remedies, especially those in the developing and under­ developed countries. In the under-developed countries such as Africa, South America and Asia, the traditional medicines are widely practiced and sometimes plants are used of direct therapeutic agents because they easily available and cheap compared to modem medicines. Ironically, documentations on medicinal uses of some medicinal plants in old scriptures, pharmacopoeias and other publications are still poor. Nowadays, traditional medicine practice in this biodiversity rich country is still very much depended on ethnopharmacological experience with little engagement of modem science and technology. Traditional medicine practitioners are still amongst the rural folks who have informal education and lead exposed to the knowledge for modem medicine. In developed countries, consumers are seeking alternatives to modem medicine with its danger of over-medication. Many researches and research organizations as well as non-government (NGO's) have focused their interest on natural products from plants. There are about 500,000 plant species occupying terrestrial habitats in the world have been estimated. The 35,000 of these are used worldwide for medicinal purpose. Southeast Asia tropical rainforest has been estimated to support 6, 500 medicinal plant species. Malaysia's rainforest where being part of the world 's tropical rainforest biome is also considered as one of the twelve-mega biodiversity. There is estimated about 19.12 million hectares Malaysian rainforc t which covers 58.1 % of the country's land area. This area supports more than 1 ,... 20,000 plant species, out of which 14,500 are flowering or seed plant. Previous reports by Johannes, 1975 ;Perry & Metzger, 1980; Sudannan & Harsono, 1985; Dhanna, 1987; Anonymous, 1989 indicated that there are about 6,000 to 7,000 species of higher plant have been reported to have medicinal properties and being used for many generations in various traditional medicinal system. In Sabah and Sarawak, there are about 1,200 species reported to have medicinal values. Among the plant families that were commonly used for traditional medicine; Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae, Compositae, Dioscoreaceae, Ebenaaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Menispennaceae, Myrsinaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubjaceae, Rutaceae, Simoroubaceae, Thymelaeceae and Zingiberaceae. Some species of these family such as Aquilaria malaraccensis (Thymeleaceae-kayu gaharu), Eurycoma longifolia (Simaroubaceae- tongkat ali), Goniothalamus giganteus and G. macrophyllus (Annonaceae-penawar hitam, Tongkat Ali hitam), Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae-Kacip Fatimah) RajJlesia cantleyi ( Rafflesiaceae- bunga pakma) are regularly gathered in a large quantity from the forests. The extensive uses of some medicinal plants by natives of Sarawak have been reported by Chai (1975, 1978). Chai et al., 1989, also have compiled the lists of medicinal plants in Sarawak, After that, many reports of medicinal plants by Iban community were published; by Pungga (1989), Fasihuddin & Ismail (1999) and the Iban community in Naga Sumpa longhouse by Hanne (2002). The medicinal plants were used by other ethnic of Sarawak also were reported such as the Kalabit community in Bario by Fasihuddin et al. (1995) and in Pa 2 l