Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for Zoonotic Pandemics Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for  Zoonotic Pandemics Series Editor: Christophe Wiart This series provides an unprecedented comprehensive ethnopharmacological overview of the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities of the medicinal plants used traditionally in Asia-Pacific for the treatment of microbial infections. It discusses their actions and potentials against viruses (including COVID-19), bacteria, and fungi representing a threat of epidemic and pandemic diseases. Scientific names, botanical classifications, descriptions, medicinal uses and antimicrobial chemical constituents, commentaries, chemical structures, and selected bibliographical references are provided for each plant. This series is a reference for anyone involved in the d iscovery of leads for the treatment or prevention of microbial zoonotic pandemics. Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for Zoonotic Pandemics, Volume 1: Family Amborellaceae to Vitaceae Christophe Wiart Medicinal Plants in the Asia Pacific for Zoonotic Pandemics Family Amborellaceae to Vitaceae Volume 1 Christophe Wiart First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The right of Christophe Wiart to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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ISBN: 978-1-032-00265-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-48204-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-05907-7 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra A ma grand mère, Renée Monllor A ma mère, Flora Monllor A mon épouse, Shirley Pita A mon fils, Christophe Pita-Wiart Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................xiii Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv Author ............................................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1 The Clade Protomagnoliids ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Order Amborellales Melikyan, A.V. Bobrov & Zaytzeva (1999) ......................1 1.1.1 F amily Amborellaceae Pichon (1848) ..................................................1 1.1.1.1 Amborella trichopoda Baill. .................................................1 1.2 Order Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. et J. Presl (1820)...................................3 1.2.1 F amily Nymphaeaceae Salisb. (1805) ..................................................3 1.2.1.1 Euryale ferox Salisb. ex K.D. Koenig & Sims ......................3 1.2.1.2 Nuphar japonica DC. ............................................................8 1.2.1.3. Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. .................................................9 1.2.1.4 Nymphaea pubescens Willd. ..............................................11 1.2.1.5 Nymphaea tetragona Georgi ...............................................13 1.3 Order Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal (1992) .............................................16 1.3.1 Family Illiciaceae Bercht. & J. Presl (1825) .......................................16 1.3.1.1 Illicium jiadifengpi Chang ..................................................16 1.3.1.2 Illicium henryi Diels. ..........................................................17 1.3.2 Family Schisandraceae Blume (1830) ................................................19 1.3.2.1 Kadsura angustifolia A.C. Sm. ...........................................19 1.3.2.2 K adsura longipedunculata Finet & Gagnep. ......................21 1.3.2.3 S chisandra bicolor W.C. Cheng ..........................................23 1.3.2.4 Schisandra lancifolia (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) A.C. Sm. ...24 1.3.2.5 Schisandra micrantha A.C. Smith ......................................25 1.3.2.6 Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. ...................................25 1.3.2.7 Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson .....26 1.3.2.8 Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill ....................................28 1.4 Order Chloranthales R. Brown (1835) .............................................................30 1.4.1 F amily Chloranthaceae R. Brown ex Sims (1820) .............................30 1.4.1.1 Chloranthus japonicus Siebold ...........................................30 1.4.1.2 Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai .......................................32 Chapter 2 The Clade Magnoliids ................................................................................................35 2.1 Order Piperales Bercht. & Presl. (1820) ..........................................................35 2.1.1 Family Aristolochiaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) ................................35 2.1.1.1 Apama corymbosa (Bl.) O. Ktze.........................................35 2.1.1.2 Aristolochia bracteata Retz. ...............................................35 2.1.1.3 Aristolochia contorta Bunge ...............................................37 2.1.1.4 Aristolochia debilis Sieb. & Zucc. ......................................38 2.1.1.5 Aristolochia indica L. .........................................................38 2.1.1.6 Aristolochia tagala Cham. ..................................................39 2.1.1.7 Asarum forbesii Maxim. ....................................................40 2.1.1.8 Asarum sieboldii Miq. ........................................................40 2.1.1.9 Thottea grandiflora Rottb. ..................................................42 vii viii Contents 2.1.2 Family Piperaceae Giseke (1792) .......................................................43 2.1.2.1 Piper betle L........................................................................43 2.1.2.2 Piper cubeba L.f. .................................................................44 2.1.2.3 Piper longum L. ..................................................................46 2.1.2.4 Piper nigrum L....................................................................49 2.1.2.5 Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ...................................................50 2.1.3 Family Peperomiaceae Smith (1981) ..................................................52 2.1.3.1 Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth..........................................52 2.1.3.2 Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth .........................................54 2.1.4 Family Saururaceae Martynov (1820) ................................................55 2.1.4.1 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. .................................................55 2.1.4.2 Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. ........................................59 2.2 Order Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1820) ............................................60 2.2.1 Family Hernandiaceae Blume (1826) .................................................60 2.2.1.1 Hernandia nymphaeifolia (C. Presl) Kubitzki ....................60 2.2.1.2 Illigera appendiculata Bl. ....................................................61 2.2.2 Family Lauraceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789)...........................................62 2.2.2.1. Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet ..................62 2.2.2.2 Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume ...........64 2.2.2.3 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl .................................65 2.2.2.4 Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl .......................................67 2.2.2.5 Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao ex H.W. Li .............................................................69 2.2.2.6 Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh. .................................70 2.2.2.7 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees & Nees ........71 2.2.2.8 Cinnamomum kotoense Kaneh. & Sasaki ..........................72 2.2.2.9 Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume ......................................73 2.2.2.10 Cryptocarya chinensis (Hance) Hemsl. ..............................75 2.2.2.11 Laurus nobilis L. .................................................................77 2.2.2.12 Lindera akoensis Hayata .....................................................79 2.2.2.13 Lindera erythrocarpa Makino ............................................80 2.2.2.14 Litsea elliptica Blume .........................................................82 2.2.2.15 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. ......................................82 2.2.2.16 Litsea verticillata Hance .....................................................83 2.2.2.17 Persea americana Mill. .......................................................85 2.2.2.18 Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees ...........................................87 2.3 Order Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl (1820) .....................................88 2.3.1 Family Annonaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) .......................................88 2.3.1.1 Annona reticulata L. ...........................................................88 2.3.1.2 Annona squamosa L. ..........................................................90 2.3.1.3 Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume ...............................92 2.3.1.4 Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson ...................94 2.3.1.5 Goniothalamus malayanus Hook. f. & Thomson ...............96 2.3.1.6 Goniothalamus laoticus (Finet & Gagnep.) Bân .................97 2.3.1.7 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites ................................98 2.3.1.8 Polyalthia sclerophylla Hook. f. & Thomson ....................101 2.3.1.9 Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites ...............................102 2.3.2 Family Magnoliaceae A.L de Jussieu (1789) ....................................103 2.3.2.1 Magnolia grandiflora L. ....................................................104 2.3.2.2 Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H. Wilson ....................106 2.3.2.3 Manglietiastrum sinicum Y.W. Law .................................109 2.3.2.4 Michelia alba DC. .............................................................110 Contents ix 2.3.3 Family Myristicaceae R. Brown (1810) ............................................112 2.3.3.1 Knema angustifolia (Roxb.) Warb. ...................................112 2.3.3.2 Myristica fragrans Houtt. .................................................113 2.3.3.3 Myristica malabarica Lam. ...............................................116 2.3.3.4 Myristica simiarum A. DC ...............................................117 Chapter 3 The Clade Monocots ................................................................................................119 3.1 Liliids.............................................................................................................119 3.1.1 Order Acorales Link (1835) ..............................................................119 3.1.1.1 Family Acoraceae Martynov (1820) .................................119 3.1.2 Order Alismatales R. Brown ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1820) ................121 3.1.2.1 Family Alismataceae Ventenat (1799) ..............................121 3.1.2.2 Family Araceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) ............................126 3.1.3 Order Dioscoreales Mart. (1835) ......................................................137 3.1.3.1 Family Dioscoreaceae R. Brown (1810) ...........................137 3.1.4 Order Pandanales R. Brown ex Bercht. & J. Presl (1820) ................144 3.1.4.1 Family Pandanaceae R. Brown (1810) ..............................144 3.1.5 Order Liliales Perleb (1828) .............................................................147 3.1.5.1 Family Liliaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) ...........................147 3.1.5.2 Family Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh. (1797) ...............154 3.1.5.3 Family Smilacaceae Ventenat (1799) ................................157 3.1.6 Order Asparagales Link (1829) ........................................................163 3.1.6.1 Family Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (1805) ..........................163 3.1.6.2 Family Asparagaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) ...................175 3.1.6.3 Family Hypoxidaceae R. Brown (1814) ............................188 3.1.6.4 Family Iridaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) ...........................191 3.1.6.5 Family Orchidaceae A.L. de Jussieu (1789) .....................198 3.2 Commelinids .................................................................................................210 3.2.1 Order Arecales Bromhead (1840) ....................................................210 3.2.1.1 Family Arecaceae Schultz-Schultzenstein (1832).............210 3.2.1.2 Family Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumortier (1829) ....................213 3.3 Order Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J. Presl. (1820) .............................220 3.3.1 Family Commelinaceae Mirbel (1804) ............................................220 3.3.1.1 Commelina benghalensis L. .............................................221 3.3.1.2 Commelina paludosa Bl. ...................................................223 3.3.1.3 Tradescantia spathacea Sw. ..............................................223 3.3.2 Family Pontederiaceae Kunth (1816) ...............................................225 3.3.2.1 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Soms ...................................225 3.3.2.2 Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms .........................................227 3.3.2.3 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl .........................229 3.4 Order Poales Small (1903) .............................................................................231 3.4.1 Family Cyperaceae A. L. de Jussieu (1789) .....................................231 3.4.1.1 Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze .......................................231 3.4.1.2 Cyperus rotundus L. .........................................................232 3.4.1.3 Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq. ...................................234 3.4.1.4 Scleria levis Retz. .............................................................235 3.4.2 Family Poaceae Barnhart (1895) ......................................................236 3.4.2.1 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. ...............................236 3.4.2.2 Coix lacryma-jobi L. .........................................................237 3.4.2.3 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. ...................................238 3.4.2.4 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. .............................................242