Volumes already published Volume 1: Trees I (1986) Volume 2: Crops I (1986) Volume 3: Potato (1987) Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988) Volume 5: Trees II (1989) Volume 6: Crops II (1988) Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989) Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989) Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989) Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990) Volume 11: Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990) Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement 1(1990) Volume 13: Wheat (1990) Volume 14: Rice (1991) Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991) Volume 16: Trees III (1991) Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991) Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II (1992) Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992) Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV (1992) Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (1993) Volumes in preparation Volume 22: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III (1993) Volume 23: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering IV Volume 24: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V Volume 25: Maize Volume 26: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VI Volume 27: Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement I Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 21 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV Edited by Y P. s. Bajaj With 250 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Professor Dr. y.P.S. BAJAJ A-137 New Friends Colony New Delhi 110065, India ISBN-13:978-3-642-77006-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-77004-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-77004-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. (Revised for volume 4). Medicinal and aromatic plants. (Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 4,15,21) Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Medicinal plants-Biotechnology. 2. Aromatic plants-Biotechnology. 3. Plant cell culture. 4. Materia medica, Vegetable. I. Bajaj, Y.P.S., 1936- . II. Series: Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 4, etc. TP248.27.P55M43 1988 660'.62 88-3059 ISBN-13:978-3-642-77006-7 (U.S.: v. 1) This work is subject to copyright. AIl rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production Editor: Ingrid Samide, Heidelberg Typesetting: Macmillan India Limited, Bangalore 31/3145-5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Dedicated to Andrea Bajaj Preface Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has shown considerable interest in the en masse micropropagation of elite plants, and the large-scale produc tion of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures through the use of bioreactors. This is now being realized by the selection of high-yielding somac1ones or through the production of hairy roots by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. These new developments need to be high-lighted and brought to the attention of workers dealing with medicinal, aromatic, and other plants of industrial importance. A series of books on the biotech nology of medicinal and aromatic plants is therefore being compiled to provide a survey of the literature focusing on recent information and the state of the art. This book, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV, like the previous three volumes (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I, II, and III, published in 1988, 1989, and 1991, respectively) is unique in its approach. It comprises 28 chapters dealing with the distribution, economic importance, conventional propagation, review of tissue culture studies, and the in vitro production of important medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds in various species of Ammi, Bergenia, Canavalia, Capsicum, Cassia, Cephaelis, Cornus, Cucurbita, Elettaria, Eupatorium, Genipa, Gentiana, Gypsophila, Hygrophila, Leon topodium, Nerium, Picrasma, Polygonum, Ptelea, Rheum, Scopolia, Silene, Solanum, Strophanthus, Tagetes, Thymus, and Uncaria. This book is tailored to the needs of advanced students, teachers, and research workers in the fields of plant biotechnology and chemical engineer ing, pharmacy, botany, and phytochemistry. New Delhi, October 1992 Professor Y. P. S. BAJAJ Series Editor Contents I Ammi majus L. (Bishop's Weed): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Coumarin Compounds H. EKIERT (With 11 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 1 2 In Vitro Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 Conclusions and Prospects .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 4 Protocol ........................................... 14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14 II Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch (Bergenia): Micropropagation and Arbutin Contents M. FURMANOWA and L. RApCZEWSKA (With 7 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 18 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 23 3 Conclusions and Prospectives ......................... 30 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 III Canavalia enisformis L. DC (Jackbean): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Canavanine C. OROPEZA, G. GODOY, J. QUIROZ, and V. M. LOYOLA-VARGAS (With 11 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 34 2 Toxic Components of the Seed ........................ 37 3 Inactivation of Antimetabolites .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 4 Conventional Practices for Its Propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 5 In Vitro Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 6 Conclusions and Prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 IV Capsicum spp. (Peppers): In Vitro Production of Capsaicin P. D. WILLIAMS (With 11 Figures) 1 General Account .................................... 51 2 In Vitro Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 3 Conclusions and Prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61 4 Protocol ........................................... 62 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62 x Contents V Cassia didymobotrya (Wild Senna): In Vitro Culture, Biotransformation and the Production of Secondary Metabolites B. BOTTA and G. DELLE MONACHE (With 15 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 64 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 65 3 Summary and Conclusion ............................ 84 4 Protocol ........................................... 84 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85 VI Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Richard (Brazilian Ipecac): Micropropagation and the Production of Emetine and Cephaeline K. YOSHIMATSU and K. SHIMOMURA (With 16 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 87 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 90 3 Conclusions and Prospects ........................... , 100 4 Protocols for Micropropagation and Production of Alkaloids ........................................ 100 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102 VII Comus officinalis: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Gallotannins K. YAZAKI and T. OKUDA (With 9 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 104 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 106 3 Conclusions and Prospects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113 VIII Cucurbita pepo (Pumpkin): In Vitro Production of Ascorbate Oxidase M. ESAKA (With 12 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 115 2 In Vitro Culture .................................... , 115 3 Conclusions and Prospects ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 128 4 Protocol for Ascorbate Oxidase Production by Cultured Pumpkin Cells ........................... 129 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129 IX Elettaria cardamomum Maton (Cardomom): Aromatic Compounds, in Vitro Culture Studies, and Clonal Propagation y P. S. BAJAJ, B. R. REGHUNATH, and P. K. GOPALAKRISHNAN (With 8 Figures) 1 General Account .................................... 132 Contents XI 2 Medicinal Importance and Secondary Metabolites ....... 134 3 In Vitro Culture Studies .............................. 137 4 Conclusions ........................................ 145 5 Protocol for Callusing and Caulogenesis ................ 146 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 146 X Eupatorium cannabinum L. (Hemp Agrimony): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Benzofurans P. PROKSCH and R. SIEBERTZ (With 6 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 148 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 149 3 Conclusions ........................................ 160 4 Protocol .............................." ............. 160 References ............................................ 161 XI Genipa americana L. (Marmalade Box): In Vitro Production of Iridoid Glucosides S. VEDA (With 4 Figures) 1 General Account .................................... 162 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 166 3 Conclusions and Prospects for Commercial V se ......... 169 4 Protocol ........................................... 170 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170 XII Gentiana Species: In Vitro Culture, Regeneration, and Production of Secoiridoid Glucosides L. SKRZYPCZAK, M. WESOLOWSKA, and E. SKRZYPCZAK (With 6 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 172 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 175 3 Protocol ........................................... 181 4 Conclusion and Prospects ............................ 182 References ............................................ 183 XIII Gypsophila paniculata L. (Baby's Breath): In Vitro Culture and the Production of Gypsogenin Saponins M.HENRY (With 10 Figures) 1 General Account .................................... 187 2 In Vitro Culture of G. paniculata ...................... 193 3 Conclusions and Prospects .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203 4 Protocol ........................................... 204 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 205 XII Contents XIV Hygrophilaerecta: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Verbascoside M. HENRY, 1.-L. ROUSSEL, and C. ANDARY (With 4 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 207 2 Distribution and Importance of the Plant ............... 208 3 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 209 4 Conclusion ......................................... 214 5 Protocol ........................................... 214 References ............................................ 214 XV Leontopodium alpinum Casso (Edelweiss): In Vitro Culture, Micropropagation, and the Production of Secondary Metabolites I. L. I. HOOK (With 13 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 217 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 219 3 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230 4 Protocol ........................................... 230 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231 XVI Nerium spp.: In Vitro Culture and the Production of Secondary Metabolites D. H. PAPER and G. FRANZ (With 12 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 233 2 Main Components of Nerium spp ...................... 233 3 Cell Cultures of Nerium spp. . ......................... 243 4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244 5 Protocol ........................................... 247 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 247 XVII Picrasma quassioides Bennet (Japanese Quassia Tree): In Vitro Culture and Production of Quassin A. H. SCRAGG and E.1. ALLAN (With 20 Figures) 1 Introduction ........................................ 249 2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 250 3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267 References ............................................ 268 XVIII Polygonum hydropiper L. (Water Pepper): In Vitro Culture and the Production of the Aphid-Antifeedant Polygodial D. V. BANTHORPE (With 4 Figures) 1 General Account .................................... 269 2 Biotechnological Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273