Medical Tourism and Transnational Health Care This page intentionally left blank Medical Tourism and Transnational Health Care Editedby David Botterill CardiffMetropolitanUniversity,UK Guido Pennings GhentUniversity,Belgium and Tomas Mainil NHTVBredaUniversity,TheNetherlands Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©DavidBotterill, GuidoPenningsandTomasMainil2013 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-36236-9 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN 978-1-349-34860-2 ISBN 978-1-137-33849-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137338495 Contents ListofBoxes,TablesandFigures vii ListofContributors viii AbouttheEditors xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 DavidBotterill,TomasMainilandGuidoPennings Part I TouristsasPatients 2 Sickness,Health,TourismandtheEver-PresentThreatof Death:Nineteenth-CenturySpaandSeasonalTravel 13 DavidM.Bruce 3 AWayThroughtheMaze:ExploringDifferencesandOverlaps BetweenWellnessandMedicalTourismProviders 30 CorneliaVoigtandJenniferH.Laing 4 CaringforNon-residentsinBarbados:Examiningthe ImplicationsofInboundTransnationalMedicalCareforPublic andPrivateHealthCare 48 JeremySnyder,ValorieA.Crooks,LeighTurner,RoryJohnston, HenryFraser,LauraKadowaki,MaryChoiandKrystynaAdams 5 TouristswithSevereDisability 64 AngieLuther Part II PatientsasTourists 6 BeautyandtheBeach:MappingCosmeticSurgeryTourism 83 RuthHolliday,KateHardy,DavidBell,EmilyHunter,Meredith Jones,ElspethProbynandJacquelineSanchezTaylor 7 Cross-BorderReproductiveCareAroundtheWorld:Recent Controversies 98 WannesVanHoofandGuidoPennings v vi Contents 8 TransplantTourism 113 ThomasD.SchianoandRosamondRhodes 9 TheEuropeanCross-BorderPatientasBothCitizenand Consumer:PublicHealthandHealthSystemImplications 131 TomasMainil,MattCommersandKaiMichelsen Part III EntanglementswithMedicalTourism:Policy, ManagementandBusinessResponses 10 CanadianMedicalTravelCompaniesandtheGlobalisationof HealthCare 151 LeighTurner 11 TheEthicalManagementofMedicalTourism 179 GuidoPennings 12 Habermas,TransnationalHealthCareandCross-Culturalism 194 TomasMainil,VincentPlatenkampandHermanMeulemans 13 TheImpactofMedicalTourisminLow-andMiddle-Income Countries 208 MelisaMartínezÁlvarez,RichardD.SmithandRupaChanda 14 TheImpactoftheInternetonMedicalTourism 223 DanielHorsfall,NeilLunt,HannahKing,Johanna HanefeldandRichardD.Smith 15 TowardsaModelofSustainableHealthDestination ManagementBasedonHealthRegions 240 TomasMainil,KeithDinnie,DavidBotterill,VincentPlatenkamp, FrancisvanLoonandHermanMeulemans Index 256 Boxes, Tables and Figures Boxes 14.1 Circumstanceslikelytoinvalidateguarantees 232 Tables 9.1 TypologyMainiletal. 141 10.1 Canadianmedicaltourismcompanies 156 10.2 Cross-bordermedicaltravelcompanies 164 10.3 Companiesmarketingmedicaltravelfor‘CCSVItesting’and ‘liberationprocedure’ 168 10.4 Companiesmarketingmedicaltravelforweightlosssurgery 169 10.5 Companiesmarketinginsuranceproductsenablingaccessto careintheUS 171 10.6 Medicaltravelcompanymarketinghealthservicesto UScitizens 173 14.1 Typesofmedicaltourismsitesandtheirkeyfeatures 226 14.2 Destinationlocationspromotedbythewebsitesintheweb review 229 15.1 Levelsofdestinationmanagement 243 Figures 2.1 BagnidiLucca,1907,postcard 24 2.2 EnglishPharmacy,2011,called‘Betti’s’inBaedeker(1899, p.400) 25 3.1 Typologyofmedicalandwellnesstourismproviders 36 15.1 Theoreticalfoundationsofdestinationmanagement 244 vii Contributors Krystyna Adams is a research assistant in the Medical Tourism Research Group,SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada. David Bell is Senior Lecturer in Critical Human Geography in the DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofLeeds,UK. DavidM.BruceisavisitingfellowintheBusinessSchoolattheUniversity oftheWestofEngland,Bristol,UK. Rupa Chanda is Professor in Economics and Social Sciences at the Indian InstituteofManagement,Bangalore(IIMB),India. Mary Choi is a research assistant in the Medical Tourism Research Group, SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada. Matt Commers is an assistant professor in European Public Health, Department of International Health, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. ValorieA.CrooksisanassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofGeography, SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada. KeithDinnieisaseniorlecturerattheAcademyofTourism,BredaUniver- sityofAppliedSciences,Breda,theNetherlands. Henry Fraser is Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Medical Sciences, UniversityoftheWestIndies(CaveHill). JohannaHanefeldisalecturerinGlobalPublicHealthPolicyattheSchool ofSocialandPoliticalScience,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK. KateHardyisalecturerinWorkandEmploymentRelations,LeedsUniver- sityBusinessSchool,Leeds,UK. Ruth Holliday is Professor of Gender and Culture in the Centre for Inter- disciplinary Gender Studies, Faculty of Education, Social Sciences and Law, UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UK. DanielHorsfallisalecturerinComparativeSocialPolicyintheDepartment ofSocialPolicyandSocialWork,UniversityofYork,York,UK. viii ListofContributors ix Emily Hunter is a research assistant in the Institute for Interactive Media andLearning,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia. Rory Johnston is a PhD student in the Department of Geography, Simon FraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada. Meredith Jones is a senior lecturer with the Institute for Interactive Media andLearning,attheUniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia. Laura Kadowaki was most recently a research assistant in the Medical TourismResearchGroup,SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada. Hannah King is a teaching fellow in the Department of Social Policy and SocialWork,UniversityofYork,York,UK. Jennifer H. Laing is a senior lecturer in the Department of Marketing and TourismandHospitality,LaTrobeUniversity,Bundoora,Australia. NeilLuntisaseniorlecturerinSocialPolicyandPublicManagementinthe DepartmentofSocialPolicyandSocialWork,UniversityofYork,York,UK. Angie Luther is a senior lecturer in the Cardiff School of Management, CardiffMetropolitanUniversity,Cardiff,UK. Melisa Martinez Álvarez is a PhD student in the Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London,UK. Herman Meulemans is a professor in the Department of Sociology, UniversityofAntwerp,Antwerp,Belgium. Kai Michelsen is an assistant professor in the Department of International Health,MaastrichtUniversity,Maastricht,theNetherlands. VincentPlatenkampisanassociateprofessorandDirectoroftheCentrefor Cross-culturalUnderstanding(CCU),NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences, Breda,theNetherlands. ElspethProbynisProfessorofGenderandCulturalStudiesattheUniversity ofSydney,Australia. Rosamond Rhodes is Professor of Medical Education and Director of Bioethics Education at Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Professor of