MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Also by Jacob Bercovitch ANZUS IN CRISIS (editor) INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT SOCIAL CONFLICT AND THIRD PARTIES SUPERPOWERS AND CLIENT STATES (co-editor) Also by Jeffrey Z. Rubin DYNAMICS OF THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION: Kissinger in the Middle East (editor) ENTRAPMENT IN ESCALATING CONFLICTS: A Social Psychological Analysis (with Joel Brockner) LEADERSHIP AND NEGOTIATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST (co-editor with Barbara Kellerman) NEGOTIATION THEORY AND PRACTICE (with J. William Breslin) SOCIAL CONFLICT: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement (with Dean Pruitt) THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF BARGAINING AND NEGOTIATION (with Bert Brown) WHEN FAMILIES FIGHT: How to Handle Conflict with Those you Love (with Carol Rubin) Mediation in International Relations Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management Edited by Jacob Bercovitch Senior Lecturer in International Relations University of Canterbury, New Zealand and Jeffrey Z. Rubin Professor of Psychology, Tufts University; Adjunct Professor of International Diplomacy, Fletcher School ofL aw and Diplomacy, Tufts University; and Associate Director, Program on Negotiation, Harvard Law School Foreword by the President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues M in association with the Palgrave Macmillan MACMILLAN Editorial matter and selection © Jacob Bercovitch and Jeffrey Z. Rubin 1992 © The Macmillan Press Ltd 1992 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition 1992 Reprinted 1994 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-61045-9 ISBN 978-0-230-37469-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230374690 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. To Carol and Gillian Contents List of Tables and Figures ix Foreword by the President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues x Preface xii Notes on the Contributors xv l. The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations 1 Jacob Bercovitch 2. Overcoming the Obstacles to Effective Mediation of International Disputes 30 Lawrence Susskind and Eileen Babbit 3. Informal Mediation by Private Individuals 52 A. Paul Hare 4. Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner 64 Herbert C. Kelman 5. Formal Individual Mediation and the Negotiators' Dilemma: Tommy Koh at the Law of the Sea Conference 97 Lance N. Antrim and James K. Sebenius 6. Mediation by Regional Organizations: The Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Chad 131 Samuel G. Amoo and l. William Zartman 7. Mediation by a Transnational Organization: The Case of the Vatican 149 Thomas Princen 8. The United Nations and International Conflict: The Military Talks at Kilometre Marker-101 176 James O. C. Jonah 9. Small-State Mediation in International Relations: The Algerian Mediation of the Iranian Hostage Crisis 206 Randa M. Slim vii viii Contents 10. The Superpowers as Mediators 232 Saadia Touval 11. Conclusion: International Mediation in Context 249 Jeffrey Z. Rubin Index 273 List of Tables and Figures TABLES Table 10.1: Instances of US and Soviet Mediation of International Conflicts, 1945-89 235 Table 10.2: Main Foci and Mediation 236 Table 11.1: Bases of Power Hypothesised to be Used by Different International Mediators 269 Table 11.2: Stage of Conflict 'Life Cycle' in which Different Forms of Mediation may be Most Effective 270 FIGURES Figure 1.1: A Framework for the Analysis of Mediation Strategy and Behavior 20 ix