Media, Margins and Civic Agency Media, Margins and Civic Agency Editedby Einar Thorsen, Daniel Jackson, Heather Savigny and Jenny Alexander TheMediaSchool,BournemouthUniversity,UK Selection,introductionandeditorialmatter©EinarThorsen,DanielJackson, HeatherSavigny&JennyAlexander2015 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015 Afterword©StuartAllan2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-51263-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. 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Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii NotesonContributors viii Introduction 1 DanielJackson,JennyAlexander,EinarThorsenandHeather Savigny Part I CitizenVoices 1 AlternativeVoices,AlternativeSpaces:Counterhegemonic DiscourseintheBlogosphere 15 DeborahGabriel 2 UnlockingtheGate?HowNGOsMediatetheVoicesofthe MarginalisedinaSocialMediaContext 29 GlendaCooper 3 ‘IWouldn’tBeaVictimWhenItComestoBeingHeard’: CitizenJournalismandCivicInclusion 43 EinarThorsen,DanielJacksonandAnnLuce 4 TheVoicesofExtremistViolence:WhatCanWe Hear? 62 BarryRichards Part II MediatingMargins 5 EuropeanMediaPolicy:WhyMarginsActuallyMatter 77 MonikaMetykova 6 TheRiseof‘CreativeDiversity’inMediaPolicy 89 SaritaMalik 7 VictimsattheMargins?AComparativeAnalysisofthe UseofPrimarySourcesinReportingPersonalTragedyin NorwayandtheUK 102 JackieNewtonandLeneBrennodden v vi Contents 8 PublicServicefromtheMargins:ACaseStudyofDiasporic MediaintheUK 116 OlatunjiOgunyemi 9 SpaceandtheMigrantCampsofCalais:Space-Makingat theMargins 131 AnitaHowarthandYasminIbrahim Part III ProtestsandPower 10 VisibilityofProtestattheMargins:TheThatcherFuneral Protests 151 KatyParry 11 ‘PayYourTax!’HowTaxAvoidanceBecameaProminent IssueinthePublicSphereintheUK 166 JenBirksandJohnDowney 12 UGCintheNewsroom:HowBBCJournalists’Engagement withInternetActivistsHasAlteredNewsroomPractices 182 LisetteJohnston 13 Police,Protester,Public:UnsettlingBinariesinthePublic Sphere 195 PollyannaRuiz Afterword 209 StuartAllan Index 214 Figures and Tables Figures 10.1 Aprotesterholdsupabannerasguardsmenlinethe routeofthefuneralprocession 161 11.1 GraphshowingtaxavoidancecoverageinselectedUK newspapers,2009–2013 173 Tables 7.1 UKversusNorwegiannewspapers 107 7.2 Sourcefrequencybynewspaper 108 8.1 Semanticelementsrelatedtopublicserviceindiasporic media 118 8.2 PublicserviceandcommercialcontentsofNigerianWatch 123 8.3 FramepackagesinNigerianWatch 124 vii Contributors Jenny Alexander is Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication at BournemouthUniversity,UK.ShepreviouslyworkedfortheAdvertising Standards Authority in London, UK, where she was their environ- ment specialist. Her research interests include gender, sexuality and representation,fancultures,advertisingsemiotics,anarchismandenvi- ronmentalcommunication.Sheteachesmediaandpopularculture,and aspecialistfinal-yeardegreeoptioninenvironmentalcommunication. Stuart Allan is Professor of Journalism and Communication in the SchoolofJournalism,MediaandCulturalStudiesatCardiffUniversity, UK.HisbooksincludeCitizenWitnessing:RevisioningJournalisminTimes ofCrisis(2013),aswellastheeditedTheRoutledgeCompaniontoNewsand Journalism(revised2012)andCitizenJournalism:GlobalPerspectives,Vol- ume 2 (co-edited with Einar Thorsen, 2014). He is engaged in research examining the uses of digital imagery in news reporting, among other projects. Jen Birks is Lecturer in Media in the Department of Culture, Film and Media at the University of Nottingham, UK. She is the author of News andCivilSociety(2014)andhasalsowrittenaboutmediarepresentation ofpublicsandnewspapercampaigninginjournalismpractice,discourse andsociety,andBritishpolitics. Lene Brennodden is a researcher for ‘Generation Falcone’, a book project on the Sicilian mafia, alongside being a teacher at a school in Norway. She holds a Master’s in Terrorism, International Crime and Global Security from Coventry University, UK, and a BA in Inter- national Journalism from Liverpool John Moores University, UK. She was awarded the Liverpool John Moores University research excel- lence award for her dissertation about news coverage, victims and the bereaved. Glenda Cooper is Lecturer in Journalism at City University London, UK, and a PhD researcher at the university’s Centre for Law, Justice andJournalism.Sheisco-editorwithSimonCottleofHumanitarianism, Communications and Change (2015) and the editor of The Future of viii NotesonContributors ix Humanitarian Reporting (2014). She was the 14th Guardian Research Fellow at Nuffield College Oxford (2006–7), Visiting Fellow at Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Oxford (2007–8). Before that she wasajournalistworkingatthenationallevelforoveradecade. JohnDowneyisProfessorofComparativeMediaAnalysisintheDepart- ment of Social Sciences, Loughborough University, UK. He is Director of Research in the department and also leads the research challenge in communication, culture and citizenship, which is an interdisciplinary initiativedrawingtogetherresearchersfromacrosstheuniversity.Heis principal investigator on an ESRC-funded project to provide advanced training courses to postgraduate and early career researchers, and co- investigator on a Horizon 2020-funded project investigating the use of socialmediainthecontextof‘terrorist’attacks. DeborahGabrielisalecturerintheFacultyofMediaandCommunica- tionatBournemouthUniversity,UK,whereshebringsacriticalfocusto degree programmes in marketing communications, advertising, public relations and politics. Her research centres on the political dimensions ofmediacommunication,principallymediainequalitiesandhowthey aremaintainedandperpetuatedthroughthelensofrace,classandgen- der in terms of representation. She also has a keen interest in online political participation and how women and people of colour critique mainstreamrepresentationandchallengedominantdiscoursesthrough alternativemediachannels. Anita Howarth is Senior Lecturer in Journalism Theory at Brunel Uni- versity London,UK. Her research on political communication explores the interactions between media and public policy in a range of areas, includingfoodpolitics,protestsandmigration.Shealsoresearchescam- paigning journalism of food, risks and human rights, and conflicting discoursesonsocialjustice. Yasmin Ibrahim is Reader in International Business and Communica- tions at Queen Mary University of London, UK. Her research on new mediatechnologiesexplorestheculturaldimensionsandsocialimplica- tionsofthediffusionofinformationandcommunicationstechnologies in different contexts. Beyond new media and digital technologies she writes about political communication and political mobilisation from culturalperspectives.Herotherresearchinterestsincludeglobalisation, Islam,visualcultureandmemorystudies.