Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook Fourth Edition Materials and Engineering Mechanics Edited by Myer Kutz Coverimage:©denisovd/Thinkstock Coverdesign:Wiley Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright©2015 PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750–8400,fax(978) 646–8600,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030, (201)748–6011,fax(201)748–6008,oronlineatwww.wiley.com/go/permissions. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswiththerespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom. Forgeneralinformationaboutourotherproductsandservices,pleasecontactourCustomerCare DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762–2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572–3993or fax(317)572–4002. Wileypublishesinavarietyofprintandelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somematerial includedwithstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeincludedine-booksorinprint-on-demand. IfthisbookreferstomediasuchasaCDorDVDthatisnotincludedintheversionyoupurchased,you maydownloadthismaterialathttp://booksupport.wiley.com.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts, visitwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Mechanicalengineershandbook:materialsandengineeringmechanics/editedbyMyerKutz.– Fourthedition. 1onlineresource. Includesindex. DescriptionbasedonprintversionrecordandCIPdataprovidedbypublisher;resourcenotviewed. ISBN978-1-118-90748-1(ePub)–ISBN978-1-118-90775-7(AdobePDF)–ISBN978-1-118-11899-3 (4-volumeset)–ISBN978-1-118-11282-3(cloth:volume1:acid-freepaper)1.Mechanical engineering–Handbooks,manuals,etc.I.Kutz,Myer,editorofcompilation. TJ151 621–dc23 2014005952 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Sol, Dorothy, and Jeanne, in Blessed Memory Contents Preface ix VisionfortheFourthEdition xi Contributors xiii PART1 MATERIALS 1 1. CarbonandAlloySteels 3 BruceL.Bramfitt 2. StainlessSteels 39 JamesKelly 3. AluminumAlloys 61 J.G.Kaufman 4. CopperandCopperAlloys 117 KonradJ.A.KundigandRobertD.Weed 5. AGuidetoEngineeringSelectionofTitaniumAlloysforDesign 229 MatthewJ.Donachie 6. NickelandItsAlloys 267 GaylordD.SmithandBrianA.Baker 7. MagnesiumandItsAlloys 289 RobertE.Brown 8. AGuidetoEngineeringSelectionofSuperalloysforDesign 299 MatthewJ.Donachie,JohnMarcin,andStephenJ.Donachie(deceased) 9. Thermoplastics,Thermosets,andElastomers—DescriptionsandProperties 353 EdwardN.Peters 10. CompositeMaterials 401 CarlZweben 11. SmartMaterials 439 JamesA.Harvey 12. OverviewofCeramicMaterials,Design,andApplication 453 R.NathanKatz 13. ElectronicMaterialsandPackaging 475 WarrenC.Fackler 14. SourcesofMaterialData 515 J.G.Kaufman 15. QuantitativeMethodsofMaterialsSelection 531 MahmoudM.Farag vii viii Contents PART2 ENGINEERINGMECHANICS 553 16. StressAnalysis 555 FranklinE.Fisher 17. ForceMeasurement 623 PatrickCollins 18. ResistiveStrainMeasurementDevices 659 MarkTuttle 19. AnIntroductiontotheFinite-ElementMethod 681 TarekI.Zohdi 20. FailureModels:PerformanceandServiceRequirementsforMetals 703 J.A.Collins,G.P.Potirniche,andS.R.Daniewicz 21. FailureAnalysisofPlastics 771 VishuShah 22. FailureModes:PerformanceandServiceRequirementsforCeramics 789 DietrichMunz 23. ViscosityMeasurement 809 AnnM.Anderson,BradfordA.Bruno,andLillaSaffordSmith 24. TribologyMeasurements 837 PrasantaSahoo 25. VibrationandShock 861 SingiresuS.Rao 26. Acoustics 885 JonathanD.Blotter,ScottD.Sommerfeldt,andKentL.Gee 27. AcousticalMeasurements 953 BrianE.Anderson,JonathanD.Blotter,KentL.Gee,andScottD.Sommerfeldt Index 997