Sr. No Name Page 1 Aditya R. Pandhare & Ritesh D. Banpurkar 1 2 Ankush M. Hatwar & Abhijit Misal 5 3 Dushant G. Waghamare & Ritesh D. Banpurkar 9 4 Vipin Mankar, Prof. Swapnil Thanekar & Prof. Neeraj Wayzode 14 5 Prof. Sachin Naik & Prof. Dr. A.R. Bapat 18 6 Prof. Swapnil Thanekar, Mr. Shailendra Ukirde & Prof. Vipin Mankar 23 7 Swapnil A.Mahajan 27 8 Rahul Mathankar, Asif Sheikh, Shubham Girde & Swapnil Thanekar 37 9 Pawan R. Giri, Ravindra R Gandhe & Ajay A. Mahawadiwar 41 10 Piyush A.Dalke & Prof.AbhijeetA.Raut 44 11 S. B. Bakal& P.J.Nikam 53 12 S. B. Bakal, G. P. Sharma & P. J. Nikam 58 13 Syed Irfan Ali, Deepak Kapgate, Sunita Parihar & Syed Akbar Ali 63 14 Harshal S. Jumade, Prashant P. Bansod & Ajay A. Mahawadiwar 67 15 Mr. Lokesh G. Dandekar, Prof.Ritesh Banpurkar & Prof. Ajay Mahawadiwar 71 16 Nikhil Ekotkhane, Prashant Bansod & Ajay Mahawadiwar 75 17 Ritesh V. Bhawarkar, Prof.Abhijit Misal & Prof.Ajay Mahawadiwar 77 18 Vinod B. Hiwase & Prof. Ritesh Banapurkar 80 19 Yogesh A. Mangaonkar, Prof.Ravindra Gandhe & Prof.Ajay Mahawadiwar 83 20 Chhaya Ladhi & Prof.Ajay Mahawadiwar 85 21 Pravin Meshram, Subham Shende & Mr.Vishwjeet Ambade 88 22 Mr.Vishwjeet Ambade, Deepak Bhure& Mr.Vishwjeet Ambade 91 23 A.B.Lanjewar, N.S.Wakchaure, P.R.Tete & S.S.Joshi 94 24 Piyush A.Dalke & Prof.AbhijeetA.Raut 98 25 Prasanna Gaikwad, Aditya Nakat, Vansh Devhare & Jayesh Nandankar 106 Mr.Akshay Shende, Mr.Nitin Gokhe, Mr.Avinash Ramteke & Prof. Harshwardhan 26 111 Mahawadiwar Mr. Ajay Rathod, Mr.Arun Chavan, Mr.Dhiraj Bramhane & prof. Harshwardhan 27 114 Mahawadiwar 28 Mrs.Anjali Kadam & Dr.G.K.Awari 117 29 Nikhil H. Patil & Sharad S. Chaudhari 121 30 Vinay L. Jiwtode, Rahul K. Bhoyar & Sandeep M. Pimpalgaokar 127 31 Salman Khan 132 32 Aswad A Sagdeo & Prof V.P. Kshrisagar 134 33 Suhas V. Kale, Prof. S.G.Ghugal & Prof A.B.Ganorkar 137 34 Sumit yadav, Sumit Roy & Sumit Yadav 141 35 Rahul Singh, Anoop Chauhan, Aditya Dhawale & AkshayBalkhande 145 Shubham Thakre, Shubham Sarde, Shrikant Kothari, Nitin Mirge & 36 150 Mr.Vishwjeet.V.Ambade A.S Puttewar, Krishna Yadav, Ketan Warjurkar, Latikesh Khedkar, Ashwin Gajbhiye & 37 155 Bhimrao Devtale 38 Sachin Khobragade, Mohankhangar & Akshay Dhanorkar 159 39 Anil H. Ingle & Krunali R. Charpe 163 40 Gaurav Puri, Lankesh Jadhav & Milind Palandurkar 169 41 Prof.S.V.Borkar, Mr.KunalI Mahajan, Mr.Sanket V Bure & Mr.PrashantN Khadatkar 174 42 Shubhangi Gondane, Dr.P. N. Belkhode & Manisha Joshi 178 43 MrsArtiMathur, DrA.B.Singh & Dr A subbarao 185 44 Aditi Pandey 191 Review on Analysis of Steam Turbine Blade Aditya R. Pandhare Ritesh D. Banpurkar M.Tech M.E.D., Department of Mechanical Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Abha Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering Abha Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering Nagpur, India Nagpur, India [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Steam turbine blades are one of the most critical Ever since the evolution of FEA, there has been a continuous components in power plants Blade is a major component of the and growing need for a powerful design analysis tool in the turbine, which receives the impulse directly from the steam jet power generation industry. In general, turbines represent a and converts this force into the driving force. Statistics has shown class of challenging mechanical prime movers where steady that LP blades are usually more predisposed to failure compared and transient stresses (mechanical and thermal), turbine blade to blades in HP or IP turbines. The present research work vibrations, and the start/stop cycling of the machines present analyses the effects of thermal and structural load on a steam interesting design challenges to produce a highly reliable turbine blade under the operating conditions. Stresses due to thermal and dynamic loads of low Pressure Steam Turbine blade machine with long design lives. Particular interest is the of 210 MW power stations analyzed in two stages. In first stage a analysis of turbine blades, as these rotating components, if the three dimensional model of turbine blade was prepared in CREO separated from their attachment to the rotor, have the potential 2.0. for causing a tremendous amount of consequential damage, both in the form of human life and property damage. This model will import in ANSYS-14.5 for Finite Element Analysis. Maximum stress and stress distribution is compute using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) at the corresponding A. Problem definition section. All mordern steam power plants use impluse-reaction turbines Keywords— Low pressure Blade, Steam Turbine, Stress as their blading efficiency is higher than that of impluse Distribution, and Finite Element Analysis by ANSYS software. turbines. Last stage of steam turbine impluse-reaction blade are very much directly affect efficiency of plant.With the information that an understanding of the forces and stresses I. INTRODUCTION acting on the turbine blades is vital importance, in this work Steam turbines are major prime movers in thermal power we will compute such a force acting on a last stage Low stations. The main parts of simple impulse steam turbine are Pressure (LP) blade of a large steam turbine rotating at 3000 rotor, blades and nozzles. Turbine blade is exposed to various rpm in order to estimate the material stresses at the blade root. loads such as thermal, inertia, and bending and may fail due to One such LP steam turbine blade is show in Figure 1. We different factors like Stress-Corrosion Cracking, High-Cycle studied structural and thermal analysis of blade using FEA for Fatigue, Corrosion-Fatigue Cracking, Temperature Creep this work and by use of the operational data have performed Rupture, Low-Cycle Fatigue, corrosion, etc. by using FEA (ANSYS) and This study work involved the analyze bldde and check FEA data of std. blade with various The software offers a comprehensive range of stress analysis material and other capabilities in an integrated package for such large- scale, complex problems. An integrated infrastructure, B. Objective ANSYS Parametric Design Language customization capabilities and nonlinear simulation with contact plasticity The main objectives of the study were work together to provide powerful simulation capabilities for this type of application. Key dimensions of the blade root were 1) To study effect of stress distribution on steam turbine blade modified using ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) capabilities, with ANSYS Mechanical software analyzing the 2) Structural and thermal analysis of steam turbine blade various combinations of parameters. ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 1 3) Calculating stresses through advanced computer modelling picture of structural characteristics, which can utilized for the techniques and simulation improvement in the design and optimization of the operating conditions. 4) To study effect of pressure and get the response of the blade Subramanyam Pavuluri, Dr. A. Siva Kumar was investigated on design of high pressure steam turbine blade addresses the II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY issue of steam turbine efficiency. A specific focus on airfoil profile for high-pressure turbine blade, and it evaluates the The following methodology used for carrying out Finite effectiveness of certain Chromium and Nickel in resisting Element Analysis of 210 MW low-pressure blade of Steam creep and fracture in turbine blades. The efficiency of the turbine. steam turbine is a key factor in both the environmental and economic impact of any coal-fired power station. Based on the 1) Formulation of the problem – the success of any experiment research presented modifications to high-pressure steam is dependent on a full understanding of the nature of the turbine blades can made to increase turbine efficiency of the problem. turbine. The results and conclusions are presented for a 2) Validation of FEM method for finding maximum stress. concerning the durability problems experienced with steam turbine blades. The maximum operational Von Mises Stresses 3) Modeling of the steam turbine blade will done using CAD are within the yield strength of the material but the software CREO 2.0. deformation is comparatively better for material CA-6 NM (Chromium Nickel). Modified solutions for Steam turbine 4) Stress distribution on turbine blade and root. blade values to machines to maximize their reduce life cycle costs, efficiency, and improve reliability 5) Software ANSYS 14.5 using for Finite Element Modeling. Sanjay Kumar was investgated on creep life of turbine blade. Validation of fem method for finding stress A. Inertia load is the constant load that will cause creep failure. Creep is a rate dependent material nonlinearity in which Steps of validation of fem method for finding Stress: material continues to deform in nonlinear fashion even under constant load. This phenomenon is predominant in 1) Prepare a three dimensional model in CREO 2.0. components, which exposed to high temperatures. By studying the creep phenomenon and predicting the creep life of the 2) Import the CREO2.0 model in ANSYS software. component, we can estimate its design life. The main objective 3) Mesh the ANSYS model. is to predict the creep life of the simple impulse steam turbine blade, and to give the FEM approach for creep analysis. The 4) Apply boundary conditions and find out stress distribution analysis of turbine blade for different loads, which shows that in the component. the maximum stresses, induced in each case. These stresses are within yield limit of the material and will not undergo 5) Validate that maximum stress in component with operating plastic deformation during operationresult is found that, creep condition. life decreases as the stress value increases. Hence, by decreasing the stress value in the component we can increase its creep life. This was be achieved by modifying the blade III. LITERATURE REVIEW design. Many investigators have suggested various methods to explain Avinash V. Sarlashkar, MARK L. Redding investigated on the the effect of stress and loading on turbine blade, roter and architecture and capabilities of Blade Pro. An ANSYS based analysis the various parameters: turbine blade analysis system with extensive automation for solid model and F.E. model generation, boundary condition John. V, T. Ramakrishna was investigated on design and application, file handling and job submission tasks for a analysis of Gas turbine blade, CATIA is used for design of variety of complex analyses; the program also includes turbo solid model and ANSYS software for analysis for F.E. model machinery specific post-processing and life assessment generated, by applying boundary condition, this paper also modules. Blade Pro is a cutting-edge example for vertical includes specific post processing and life assessment of blade. applications built on the core ANSYS engine using ANSYS How the program makes effective use of the ANSYS pre- APDL. Examples of how the program makes effective use of processor to mesh complex geometries of turbine blade and the ANSYS preprocessor to mesh complex geometries of apply boundary conditions. The principal aim of this paper is turbine blade and apply boundary conditions are presented to get the natural frequencies and mode shape of the turbine using specific examples. A real world application is used to blade. In this paper we have analyzed previous designs and demonstrate the pre-processing capabilities, static and generals of turbine blade to do further optimization, Finite dynamic stress analyses results, generation of Campbell and element results for free standing blades give a complete ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 2 Interference diagrams and life assessment. The principal blade root. The root modified due to the difficulty in advantage of Blade Pro is its ability to generate accurate manufacturing the butting surface of the tang that grips the results in a short amount of time, thus reducing the design blade to the disk crowns cycle time. The good correlation achieved is a testament to the accuracy of the ANSYS solvers and validity of the modeling having small contact area. Verify the same using Finite techniques adopted in Blade Pro. Element Analysis for two cases with and without the tang in the blade. Firstly, to study the fillet stresses with tang and then DR.SHANTHARAJA.M, DR. Kumar. K., was work on the Petersons chart is used to reduce the peak stresses with the large variety of turbo-machinery blade root geometries used in modification to the butting area and reducing the fillet radius. industry prompted the question if an optimum geometry could To conduct the sensitivity analysis for the fillet stresses in be found. An optimum blade root was defined, as a root with blade and disk using FEA. practical geometry which, when loaded returns the minimum fillet stress concentration factor. The present paper outlines the In the work, the first stage rotor blade off the gas turbine has design modification for fillet stresses and a special attention analyzed using ANSYS 9.0 for the mechanical and radial made on SCF of the blade root (T-root) which fails and to elongations resulting from the tangential, axial and centrifugal guarantee for safe and reliable operation under all possible forces. The gas forces namely tangential, axial were service conditions. Finite Element Analysis is used to determined by constructing velocity triangles at inlet and exist determine the fillet stresses and Peterson’s Stress of rotor blades. The material of the blade was specified as Concentration Factor chart is effectively utilized to modify the N155. This material is an iron based super alloy and structural blade root. The root modified due to the difficulty in and thermal properties at gas room and room temperatures the manufacturing the butting surface of the tang that grips the turbine blade along with the groove blade is modeled with the blade to the disk crowns. 3D-Solid Brick element. The geometric model of the blade profile is generated with splines and extruded to get a solid Avinash V. Sarlashkar, MARK L. Redding investigated on the model in CATIA. The first stage rotor blade of a two-stage gas architecture and capabilities of Blade Pro. An ANSYS based turbine has been analyzed for structural, thermal and modal turbine blade analysis system with extensive automation for analysis using ANSYS 9.0 Finite Element Analysis software. solid model and F.E. model generation, boundary condition The gas turbine rotor blade model meshed in HYPERMESH application, file handling and job submission tasks for a 7.0, meshing software. The thermal boundary condition is variety of complex analyses; the program also includes turbo such as convection and operating temperatures on the rotor machinery specific post-processing and life assessment blade obtained by theoretical modeling. Analytical approach modules. Blade Pro is a cutting-edge example for vertical used to estimate the tangential, radial and centrifugal forces. applications built on the core ANSYS engine using ANSYS APDL. Examples of how the program makes effective use of In this work the failure of a second stage blade in a gas turbine the ANSYS preprocessor to mesh complex geometries of was investigated by metallurgical and mechanical turbine blade and apply boundary conditions are presented examinations of the failed blade. The blade was made of a using specific examples. A real world application is used to nickel-base alloy Inconel 738LC. The turbine engine has been demonstrate the pre-processing capabilities, static and in service for about 73,500 hrs. Before blade has failure. Due dynamic stress analyses results, generation of Campbell and to the blade failure, the turbine engine was damaged severely. Interference diagrams and life assessment. The principal The investigation started with a thorough visual inspection of advantage of Blade Pro is its ability to generate accurate the turbine and the blades surfaces, followed by the results in a short amount of time, thus reducing the design fractography of the fracture surfaces, micro structural cycle time. The good correlation achieved is a testament to the investigations, chemical analysis and hardness measurement. accuracy of the ANSYS solvers and validity of the modeling The observation showed that a serious pitting occurred on the techniques adopted in Blade Pro. blade surfaces and there were evidences of fatigue marks in the fracture surface. The micro structural changes were not DR.SHANTHARAJA.M, DR. Kumar. K., was work on the critical changes due to blade operation at high temperature. It large variety of turbo-machinery blade root geometries used in found that the crack initiated by the hot corrosion from the industry prompted the question if an optimum geometry could leading edge and propagated by fatigue and finally, because of be found. An optimum blade root was defined, as a root with the reduction in cross-section area, fracture was completed. practical geometry which, when loaded returns the minimum An analytical calculation parallel to the finite element method fillet stress concentration factor. The present paper outlines the utilized to determine the static stresses due to huge centrifugal design modification for fillet stresses and a special attention force. The dynamic characteristics of the turbine blade made on SCF of the blade root (T-root) which fails and to evaluated by the finite element mode and harmonic analysis. guarantee for safe and reliable operation under all possible Finally according to the log sheet records and by using a service conditions. Finite Element Analysis is used to Campbell diagram there was a good agreement between the determine the fillet stresses and Peterson’s Stress failure signs and FEM results which showed the broken blade Concentration Factor chart is effectively utilized to modify the ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 3 has been resonated by the third vibration mode occasionally The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers before the failure occurred for their comments which were very helpful in improving the quality and presentation of this paper. . Conclusion References From above literature, review it is indicated that [1] John. V, T. Ramakrishna,‟‟The Design And Analysis Of Gas Turbine 1) There are many researches done on turbine blade in high- Blade”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, pressure stage or rotor section and work also done in steam VOL,2., ISSUE I,OCT.-DEC.,2012 , page no . 53-55 and gas based power plant. But I found that are very few researches done work on last stage tangent-twisted blade of [2] Subramanyam PAVULURI, DR. A. Siva KUMAR,„‟ Experimental Investigation On Design Of High Pressure Steam Turbine Blade‟‟, LP stage of turbine so we want to do research on this section. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and We like to use FEA for analysis. Technology,VOL. 2, ISSUE 5, MAY 2013, ISSN: 2319-8753 2) Turbine blade tupe,flow of steam through impluse or [3] S. M. Sanjay Kumar, ―Creep Life Prediction of Steam Turbine Blade rection blade,geomeatry of blade,helix angle,force on the Using Finite Element Method.” International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, VOL. I, NO.2, PP. 95-98 blade,material properties of the blade,speed of the turbine and etc. are various parameter important for the turbine blade [4] Avinash V. Sarlashkar ,MARK L. Redding,“ An Ansys-Based Turbine condition. Blade Analysis System‟‟ Impact Technologies, LLC, ROCHESTER, NY 14623, U.S.A 3) They affect the blade life and efficiency of the plant in terms of mechanical properties and working codition. [5] DR.SHANTHARAJA.M, DR. Kumar. K .‟‟Design Modification For Fillet Stresses In Steam Turbine Blade‟‟, IJAE International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology, VOL III,ISSUE I 2012 4) The complex Design of blade will done in CREO 2.0 parametric software with coordinate point of tip and root [6] G.NARENDRANATH, S.SURESH,‟‟THERMAL Analysis Of A Gas section of blade Turbine Rotor Blade By Using Ansys‟‟, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, VOL. 2, ISSUE 5, SEPTEMBER- OCTOBER 2012, PP.2021-2027, ISSN: 2248-9622 5) To perform analysis with appropriate set of parameters is done in ANSYS14.5 software (FEA). [7] Patil A.A.,SHIRSAT U.M,.‟‟Study Of Failure Analysis Of Gas Turbine Blade‟‟, IOSR Journal of Engineering, ISSN: 2250-3021, ISBN: 2878-8719, PP 37-43 Acknowledgment ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 4 Design of Single Fork of Folding Bicycle Ankush M. Hatwar Abhijit Misal Mechanical engineering department Mechanical engineering department Abha Gaikwad Patil College of engineering, Nagpur Abha Gaikwad Patil College of engineering, Nagpur Maharashtra, India Maharashtra, India [email protected] Abstract—In today’s life the bicycle can play the very important public transport facility and in many cases the destination will role for daily transportation purpose in human life. The reason be far from the main roads where the public transport might behind increase in the importance is because of increased not be able to reach due to the small roads, to avoid which pollution due to automobiles and cost of fuel which is most people use vehicles of their own, which in turn leads to continuously increasing now a day. Also the transport has been issues with parking, traffic, etc. But not all can opt for having one of the most important issues to be deal with in the present own vehicles as it is expensive. With such issues in health, day situation as commuting from place to place within the city transport, space for parking, etc. one solution that comes to has become a tedious and an expensive task. It is very difficult to reach the nearest public transport facility and in many cases the mind is bicycle. Bicycles are being promoted in the corporate destination will be very far from the main roads where the public and educational sectors. But how convenient is it to use a transport might not be able to commute or it might be very conventional bicycle? In many cases there is no special facility expensive. To overcome a common problem faced by the society, provided for locking the bicycles and even if one is present, it an idea is conceptualized to design a single fork foldable bicycle. is probable to theft, which is one of the fears that obstruct use The aim of our paper is to design and analysis of single fork of of bicycle. Conventional bicycles occupy sufficient space and foldable bicycle which fold in compact form which facilitating hence providing one at work place or at home are quite easy transport and easily park. We already have seen many difficult. They are probable to be exposed to the weather foldable bicycles in the global market but the main idea of this outside and do require frequent maintenance. With all such paper is to provide only one side fork to a foldable bicycle which is light & safe, easy to handle, easy to fold and easy to maintain. issues in the conventional bicycles, the next possible solution Unlike the conventional cycles, this bicycle will occupy very less is the usage of foldable bicycle. With foldable bicycles, there space and also is very easy to be carried around. is no issue since the bicycle can be folded and carried around to the work place or even it can be used to reach the nearest Keywords—conventional, conventional bicycles, fork, foldable public transport facility and then folded and carried along. bicycle, transport Since the bicycle is being folded, it occupies very less space and doesn’t require any special parking space. They are not I. INTRODUCTION exposed to the weather since they can be carried inside buildings with ease and hence prone to less maintenance. The The Currently available bicycles are made up of heavy usage of foldable bicycle helps combine the different modes of materials which make them difficult to carry. The prices of the transport as mentioned above, which helps in cutting down bicycles are also not affordable to the common man. Many of some cost involved in travelling. them are not foldable in a configurable geometrical order, because of which their transportation becomes very difficult. It II. COMPONENT OF FOLDING BICYCLE also leads to a lot of difficulty, when it is to be stored for future use. To propose a compact foldable bicycle this is weightless and overcomes all the limitations in the currently A. Folding Body Frame available bicycles. The proposed bicycle is designed in such a way that it is foldable by providing fasteners at the joints. The It is a main supporting part of the bicycle. On which wheels design structure imparts stable bicycle geometry. and other components are fitted. The modern and most common frame design for an upright bicycle is based on the Transport has been one of the major issues in developing cities safety bicycle, and consists of two triangles, a main triangle such as Bangalore since commuting from one place to another and a paired rear triangle. This is known as the diamond frame. has become tedious and expensive. With the petrol and diesel Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which they do prices increasing day by day, almost all the modes of transport by combining different materials and shapes. At the time of are becoming expensive. It is difficult to reach the nearest folding the folding bicycle the main frame or folding body of ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 5 the folding bicycle is folded in such manner that the horizontal axis of the front wheel and the horizontal axis of the back wheel are come in a same axis As the folding of the main frame or folding body of the folding bicycle is completed. The front wheel holder and back wheel holder are fixed with each other with the help of Velcro. B. Compact joint It is a joint which provides on the frame so that front and rear portion can be overlap. C. Handle Fig 1: Component of folding bicycle It is the front portion of bicycle which uses to control the direction of bicycle. Bicycle handlebar or often bicycle III. MATERIAL SELECTION FOR FRAME handlebars refer to the steering mechanism for bicycles; the The selection of suitable material for the frame was most equivalent of a steering wheel. Besides steering, handlebars important to make the frame study, yet light. After long also often support a portion of the rider's weight, depending on sessions of discussion it was finalized to use the standard their riding position, and provide a convenient mounting place material used in conventional bicycles i.e. Mild steel. for brake levers, shift levers, cycle computers, bells, etc. Mild steel is easily available in the required diameter and Handlebars are attached to a bike's stem which in turn attaches length and is also not expensive. One main advantage of using to the fork. mild steel is that it is easy to fabricate with it as welding of mild steel is by arc welding process which is cheap compared D. Transmission mechanism to other welding methods. Use of other materials like alloys of It is the mechanism which transmits the power from pedal to aluminum was not selected as the availability is less and also rear wheel. A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers the fabrication cost is high. power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus Mild steel tubes of 1”, 1.5”, and 0.5” are easily available in the propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon market and are the ones used for conventional bicycle or alloy steel, but some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or manufacturing. The hinge found in the market is also made of simply for aesthetic. Before the safety bicycle, bicycles did not mild steel which eases the process of joining the frame to the have chains and the pedals were typically attached directly to hinges. the drive-wheel, thus limiting top speed by the diameter of the The following are the chemical composition and mechanical wheel and resulting in designs with front wheels as large as properties of mild steel. possible. Various linkage mechanisms were invented to raise the effective gear ratio, but with limited success. Using chain C hemical composition drive allowed the mechanical advantage between the drive and Carbon 0.16-0.18% driven sprockets to determine the maximum speed. Silicon 0.40% max E. Adjustable Seat M anganese 0.70-0.90% It is the setting arrangement in the bicycle. The Saddle, Undo Sulphur 0.040% Max the lever, push the saddle right down, and re-clamp the lever. Phosphours 0.040% Max During this action, it is because of this that the rear frame remains folded, in turn retaining the front wheel in its folded IV. TESTING FOR BENDING AND COMPRESSION position. So if you do not push the saddle fully down, it is LOADS possible for the folded package to come apart when you pick the bike up. Folding pedal, it is best to fold this with the left hand crank as high as possible i.e. with the cranks turned so A. BENDING TEST: that the right hand pedal touches the front wheel also, the The tube used to fabricate the bicycle was subjected to ridged side of the nylon latch plate on the pedal should face bending test. A tube of outer diameter 1 inch, 16 gauge and upwards. This is the arrangement used in the bicycle which is length 10 inches was used as the test specimen. The specimen use for the carrying the bags or any kind of things on carriage was mounted on the UTM with necessary arrangements to we have to fixed it first on the carriage. perform bending test. The specimen was supported by two v- blocks and then the bending test was done. It was observed that the tube does not show much deflection till a load of 4 KN, but the since the tube is hollow first the outer surface of the tube was bent then the whole tube started bending. The bending test ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 6 was carried out till a deflection of 8.5 mm was observed. The analysis. variation of the deflection with respect to the load is as shown in the graph below. Fig 2: Graph of Deflection v/s Load for bending test Fig 4: Single fork design B. COMPRESSION TEST: The mild steel tube was cut and welded to the angle as in the frame design and tested on the UTM till fracture. The mild steel tube of outer diameter 1 inch and 16 gauges was used to build the specimen as per the required dimensions. Compressive load was applied on the specimen. It is observed that there is very less deflection up to a load of 4 KN and then the joint shows plastic deformation at 5KN and then fractures at a load of 6.5 KN. The result of the test is plotted as a graph of deflection versus load and is as shown in the below figure. Fig 5: Design of various components VI. 3D MODELLING OF SINGLE FORK For modeling and analysis of our proposed folding bicycle we use the softwares Pro-E and Ansys. A. Pro/ENGINEER Fig 3: Graph of Deflection v/s Load for compression test It is basically the 3D modeling tool software in which modeling and drawing and drafting is taking place also it gives the tutorial-based introduction to creating parts, assemblies and V. DESIGN OF SINGLE FORK drawings in Pro/ENGINEER. If you follow the complete series Fork is the portion of bicycle that holds the front wheel allows of procedures, you will learn how Pro/ENGINEER passes 3D the rider to steer and balance the bicycle. Forks have several design information to and from every design key dimensions which include: offset length, width, steerer tube length, and steerer tube diameter. B. ANSYS We use the simple design of fork for our bicycle; we selected ANSYS is a Workbench application that can be use to perform the size 25 mm diameters of tube and 300 mm length as shown a variety of engineering simulations, including stress, thermal, in the figure. A normal mild steel fork was to be converted into vibration, thermo-electric, and magneto static simulations. A a member that can lock after the bicycle was unfolded. This typical simulation consists of setting up the model and the was a challenging task. Once the required data was gathered loads applied to it, solving for the model's response to the regarding the dimensions of the fork and frame, the fork was loads, examining the details of the response with a variety of modeled using 3D tools. tools. We analyze the mechanical properties on the single side fork Analysis is used to evaluate the fatigue failure of the proposed by FEA using various materials and investigate optimum and bicycle design. The failure locations and the cycles to failure effective material based on results obtained by proposed are determined by analysis. The foldable bicycle frame is ISSN NO: 2454-1958 Special Issue Tech-Ed 2016 (International Conference) Page 7