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MEASURING THE MASTER RACE Measuring the Master Race Physical Anthropology in Norway 1890-1945 Jon Røyne Kyllingstad http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Jon Røyne Kyllingstad This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Kyllingstad, Jon Røyne. Measuring the Master Race: Physical Anthropology in Norway, 1890-1945. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0051 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit http://www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781909254541#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0 All the external links were active on the 22/12/2014 unless otherwise stated. Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at http:// www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781909254541#resources ISBN Paperback: 978-1-909254-54-1 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-909254-55-8 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-909254-56-5 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-909254-57-2 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-909254-58-9 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0051 Cover image: Measurement of upper arm length as demonstrated in Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, p. 163. Image in the public domain. All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom and United States by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers (Cambridge, UK). Contents List of Illustrations vii Foreword xi Introduction xiii 1. The Origin of the Long-Skulled Germanic Race 1 2. The Germanic Race and Norwegian Nationalism 17 3. The Germanic Race and Norwegian Anthropology, 1880-1910 35 4. Norwegian Nationhood and the Germanic Race, 1890-1910 65 5. Racial Hygiene and the Nordic Race, 1900-1933 87 6. Halfdan Bryn and the Nordic Race 115 7. The Schreiners and the Science of Race 133 8. From Collaboration to Conflict: The Racial Survey of 1923-1929 159 9. Science and Ideology, 1925–1945 193 10. The Fall of the Nordic Master Race 221 Selected Bibliography 233 Index 249 List of Illustrations 1 Brachycephalic short skull, dolichocephalic long skull. Image 5 from Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau, Histoire générale des races humains (Paris: A. Hennuyer, 1889), pp. 216-17. 2 Ripley’s racial classification scheme. Table from William Z. 13 Ripley, The Races of Europe. A Sociological Study (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. 1899), p. 121. 3 Craniometrics: A ‘diptograph’ and a ‘craniophor’ used by 42 Justus Barth to make drawings of skulls. Images from Justus Barth, Norrønaskaller: crania antiqua in parte orientali Norvegiæ meridionalis inventa: En studie fra Universitetets Anatomiske Institut (Christiania: Aschehoug 1896), Figs. 1 and 2. 4 Map showing the distribution of skull types in Norway based 45 on Carl Oscar Eugen Arbo’s research, as presented in William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, p. 206. 5 Otto Ammon’s outlook on society. Graph from Justus Barth, 49 Norrønaskaller, Figs. 1 and 2. 6 Two maps showing the distribution of conservative votes in 55 the Parliamentary election of 1897 (right) and the areas with a majority short-skulled population (left). From Andreas M. Hansen, Norsk folkepsykologi: med politisk kart over Skandinavien (Kristiania: Jakob Dybwads Forlag, 1899), p. 1. 7 Illustration of the issue of racially-mixed populations. From 61 Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der anthropologischen Methoden (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1914), p. 94. viii Measuring the Master Race 8 Chart of human body proportions from Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch 92 der Anthropologie, p. 326. 9 Measurement of upper arm length as demonstrated in Rudolf 93 Martin’s Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, p. 163. 10 Halfdan Bryn at his desk. Undated photo by unknown pho- 114 tographer. © Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universi- tet’s library, Trondheim. All rights reserved. 11 A graph by Bryn showing the distribution of cephalic indices 121 in an admixed population. From Halfdan Bryn, Møre fylkes antropologi, Skr. D. n. Vidensk. Selsk. MN kl. (Kristiania: I kommission hos J. Dybwad, 1920), p. 70. 12 Bryn’s map of areas of anthropological isolation. From 128 Halfdan Bryn, Menneskerasene og deres utviklingshistorie (Oslo: Det Norske studentersamfund, 1925), p. 123. 13 Professor of Anatomy Kristian Emil Schreiner, painted by 136 Astri Welhaven Heiberg in 1949. © painter’s estate, all rights reserved. 14 Drawing of skull. From Kristian E. Schreiner, Zur Osteologie der 137 Lappen II (Oslo, ISKF/Aschehoug, 1931), p. 75. 15 The Tysfjord skull. From Kristian E. Schreiner, Crania Norvegica 144 II (Oslo: ISKF/Aschehoug 1946), p. lxvi. 16 Alette Schreiner showing children an animal skull. Undated 148 photograph by unknown photographer. © University of Oslo. 17 Family from the Sami community of Tysfjord. From Alette 162 Schreiner, Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge, Hellemo (Tysfjordlappen) (Oslo: ISKF/Aschehoug, 1932), p. xvii. 18 ‘East Baltic’ women from Norway. From Alette Schreiner, 163 Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge. Valle, Hålandsdal und Eidfjord, Skr. D. n. Vidensk. Akad. MN kl.1929 (Oslo: I kommisjon hos Dybwad, 1930), pp. 12, 13, 63-65, and taf. vii. 19 Form used to survey recruits. From Halfdan Bryn and Kristian 165 E. Schreiner, Die Somatologie der Norweger, Skr. D. n. Vidensk. Akad. MN kl (Oslo: I kommisjon hos Dybwad, 1929), p. 3. List of Illustrations ix 20 Various types of calipers for the measurement of various 167 parts of the body. From Rudolf Martin, Anthropometrie (Berlin: Springer, 1929), pp. 4-5, and Adolf Basler, Einführung in die Rassen und Gesellschaftsphysiologie (Stuttgart: Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, 1925), p. 22. 21 ‘Alpine racial type’ depicted in Kristian E. Schreiner, Bidrag til 175 Rogalands Antropologi, Skr. D. n. Vidensk. Akad. MN. Kl. (Oslo: I kommisjon hos Dybwad, 1941) 22 ‘Pure’ or ‘mixed’ racial type? Portrait from Kristian E. Schreiner, 175 Bidrag til Rogalands Antropologi, chart V. 23 Martin’s eye colour chart (a) and Fischer’s hair colour palette 176-77 (b). Image from Rudolf Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, pp. 212, 218. 24 Photograph of a Sami couple in traditional clothes. Image from 189 Alette Schreiner, Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge, Hellemo (Tysfjordlappen) (Oslo: ISKF/Aschehoug, 1932), p. 11 and taf. ii. 25 Portrait exemplifying a ‘Nordic-Lapp mixed type’. Image from 197 Jon Alfred Mjøen, Racehygiene (Oslo: Dybwad, 1914), p. 177 26 Children of German women and the African soldiers who 199 participated in the French occupation of the Rhineland in 1923. Photograph from Jon Alfred Mjøen, Racehygiene, p. 188. 27 Man from the Setesdal valley. Portrait from Alette Schreiner, 203 Anthropologische Lokaluntersuchungen in Norge. Valle, Hålandsdal und Eidfjord, Skr. D. n. Vidensk. Akad. MN kl.1929 (Oslo: I kommisjon hos Dybwad, 1930), p. 63 and taf. iii.

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The notion of a superior ‘Germanic’ or ‘Nordic’ race was a central theme in Nazi ideology. But it was also a commonly accepted idea in the early twentieth century, an actual scientific concept originating from anthropological research on the physical characteristics of Europeans. The Scandin
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