Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 90: 161-163, 2007 Measurement of Southern (as the signal must pass through the body wall), which is important in studies of highly-mobile species (Audet & Brown Bandicoot {Isoodon Thomas 1996; Barclay etal. 1996). obesulus) body temperature To both measure Tj_ remotely and avoid surgery using internal and external related difficulties, external attachment of body telemeters temperature telemeters have been used on a number of species of endotherms (Audet & Thomas 1996; Barclay et al. 1996; Kortner & Geiser 2000; Kortner et al. 2001; Dausmann 2005). In these studies, small telemeters were A Larcombe either glued to the experimental animals, attached using Zoology, School of Animal Biology M092, an elastic harness, or as a collar. Individual studies have The University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, had mixed results, largely depending on the size of the Crawley, WA 6009, Australia subject species. External T,, telemetry worked well with E [email protected] small sized animals (- 20-100 g) where skin temperature (T^i^) was close to and linearly correlated with Tj^ (Audet Manuscript received Jnmianj 2007; accepted ]une 2007 & Thomas 1996; Dausmann 2005). However, in larger animals (380-550 g) the difference between T^^ and T^, increased by several degrees (Kortner et al. 2001). The Abstract. Two types of external temperature telemeter only time external T,^ telemeters have been used on a were designed and tested for their accuracy in measuring mammal greater than 600 g was by Dawson & Bennett body temperature of southern brown bandicoots. Three (1978), who measured pouch temperature at moderate attachment sites (groin, armpit and base of tail) and a ambient temperatures (TJ for a single female spectacled number of methods of attachment were tested. Tire most hare wallaby (Lagorchestes conspicillatus; average mass effective was attachment to the base of the tail with 2660 g). In this experiment T was approximately 0.4- surgical tape. Accuracy of external body temperatures 0.7°C lower than the simuftaneously measured rectal was tested against data obtained from a surgically- implanted telemeter. External temperatures measured by temperature. telemetry did not accurately reflect core body This study tested the validity of using externally temperature, but were instead closer to ambient attached temperature telemeters for measurement of T^^ temperature. As such, external telemetry is not for captive southern-brown bandicoots {Isoodon recommended for use with animals of this size (~ 1000 g). obesulus). Data were compared to measurements of T^^ obtained using a surgically implanted telemeter. Keywords: Body temperature telemetry, bandicoot, external telemeter, circadian rhythm. Materials and Methods Two adult male I. obesulus were studied at the Introduction University of Western Australia. During study, bandicoots were maintained in sheltered outdoor Measurement of body temperature (T^) is fundamental enclosures or controlled temperature rooms (CTR) to studies of mammalian physiology and is of prime depending on the experiment and were provided with importance in assessing the thermal responses of animals food and water ad libitum. which may exhibit heterothermy (Brown & Bernard 1991; Dausmann 2005). The most common method of T^, Two types of single-stage EM external T^^ telemeters measurement is via the insertion of a rapidly responding were custom made for this study (Titley Electronics, thermocouple or thermistor into the cloaca or rectum. Ballina, Australia and Sirtrack Wildlife Tracking Although accurate if performed correctly, this method Equipment, Havelock North, New Zealand). Both were < requires the study species be Captured and handled. Such 20 mm x 15 mm x 10 mm in size and weighed < 3 g. Both procedures can be stressful for the study species and had internal loop antennae and transmission longevity of therefore may result in elevated T,^. Further, the ~ 3 months. Prior to use, both telemeters w'ere calibrated technique does not allow for continual remote by placing them in a water bath at various temperatures measurement of Tj^ in free-ranging species (Brown & (measured by a reference mercury thermometer) and Bernard 1991; Audet <& Thomas 1996). To combat this recording their pulse rate. The temperature of the water limitation, some researchers use surgically implanted bath was increased in intervals of 2''C every thirty telemeters to remotely monitor T^ (Muchlinski et al.; 1998; minutes between 10 and 45°C. Exponential equations Refinetti 1999; Geiser & Drury 2003), however, this relating telemeter frequency and temperature were method also has it drawbacks. Tire most important is that calculated. Telemeters were initially used to test implantation of telemeters requires the study animals to attachment sites (groin, armpit and base of the tail) and undergo at least one surgical procedure. This can be methods (including surgical tape and glue) on one stressful and cause infection, both of which can alter bandicoot (mass 1035 g). These particular attachment thermoregulatory patterns. Surgical implantation also sites were chosen as it was thought that T^,^ at these sites reduces the signal transmission distance of the telemeter would be closer to core T^. Then, one telemeter was coated in purified beeswax and surgically implanted into another study animal (mass 1160 g). For implantation, the bandicoot was anaesthetised with 4% (induction) and 1% (maintenance) halothane. The abdomen was incised © Royal Society of Western Australia 2007 161 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 90(3), September 2007 and the telemeter inserted into the peritoneum. The was 36.0 + 0.2°C (n = 2502). Base of the tail external incision was stitched and the animal left in a CTR at 28°C telemetry data appeared to simply mirror T^ throughout for 2 weeks to recover. Another telemeter was attached both trials. Under Cycle 1, average T^,. was 17.8 ± 0.1 °C to the base of the tail of the same animal using surgical (max 25.8°C, min 13.6°C, n = 2041). The inactive phase tape for comparison between external and internal T^i. (19.3 ± 0.1 °C) was marginally higher than the active telemetry data. This bandicoot was placed in a CTR on a phase T^ (16.5 ± 0.1°C). Inactive phase T^^ (19.3°C) was 12 hour lightrdark cycle. The room was set to 10°C (night) virtually identical to T^ during that time. Under Cycle 2, / 20°C (day) for one week (Cycle 1) then 20°C (night) / average T^^ was 26.8 + 0.1 °C. Once again, the inactive 30°C (day) for one week (Cycle 2) to test the influence of phase T^i^ (26.5 ± 0.2°C) was only marginally higher than T^. After this time, the bandicoot was returned to its the active phase T^,^ (24.3 ± 0.2°C). sheltered, outdoor enclosure and T^, was measured again for approximately 2 weeks. These data are shown in Figure 1. Discussion Telemetry data were recorded using an AR8000 radio Most previously trialled methods of attachment of receiver, CU8232 interface, antenna and personal external telemeters were deemed inappropriate in this computer running AR8000 Temperature Telemeter study as (i) bandicoots are large enough for the thermal Logging Companion (© 1997 Stig OTracey Spiney gradient between T^^ and T^,^ to become an issue if the Norman Systems). Raw data were exported to MS Excel telemeter was attached at any site except the most for conversion and analysis. insulated, (ii) I wanted to be able to remove and reattach the telemeters easily and (iii) male (pouchless) animals were used. The resources to custom manufacture Results specialised telemeter attachment devices were not available, so surgical tape was used as the method of Attachment of external telemeters proved to be attachment. This was because it is cheap, simple to use, is difficult at all sites, with the base of the tail proving the easily removable and will fall off on its own after a while best in terms of attachment duration, lowest discomfort (important in the field). The 'armpit', groin and base of for the experimental animals, and greatest signal the tail were used, with the base of the tail proving the strength. Attachment in the groin or armpit using best in terms of ease of attachment / removal, strength of surgical tape inhibited the normal movement of the signal, reduced bandicoot discomfort and duration of bandicoots and individuals were easily able to reach attachment. The fact that base of the tail external these sites to remove the telemeter (reducing attachment telemetry data appeared to simply mirror T^ throughout time to less than 24 hours). Telemeters stayed attached to both trials suggests that the gradient between T^,^ and T^, the tail for 5 to 14 days. for a mammal of this size (ie over ~ 1000 g) is too great A distinct daily pattern in Tj, was observed for /. and that external body temperature telemetry is not obesulus based on the data from the surgically implanted viable for species of this size. telemeter (Fig. 1). Under Cycle 1, the average core T^^ Average T|j measured using internal telemetry was measured was 36.8±0.1°C (max 39.7°C, min 32.6°C, n = marginally higher than previously reported T|^s of resting 4547). Both the highest and lowest Ti^s generally occurred bandicoots at 30°C (33.7 ± 0.2 to 36.1± 0.1 °C; Hulbert & in the early hours of the morning (Fig. 1). During the Dawson 1974; Withers 1992, Larcombe & Withers 2006) inactive phase (0600 to 1800 hrs), T^, was more stable than and the resting T^, of I. obesulus at 30°© (35.0 + 0.1°C; during the night (1800 to 0600hrs - active phase); Larcombe 2002). The slightly higher Tj^ measured here however, there was no difference in average T^ between was expected, as the bandicoots were not resting when day (37.8 ± 0.1 °C) and night (37.3 ± 0.1°C) throughout the T|j was measured, but instead continued their normal controlled temperature study. Under Cycle 2, average T,^ activity. Increased activity results in an increase in T^^ (Brown & Dawson 1977). The mean Tj^ of the closely related northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macroiinis) under T^s of 12-22°C was 36.2°C (range 34.2 to 38.6°C), which is almost exactly the same as the 36.8°C measured in this study under Cycle 1 (Gemmell et al. 1997). Similarly, the maximum (38.6°C) and minimum (34.2°C) T^ measured for I. macrounis arc close to those measured in this study (39.7°C and 32.6°C, respectively). This shows that I. obesulus, like /. macrourus has a relatively labile T^ with the T^, of both varying by ~ 5°C daily. The differences in T.s measured in the active and b inactive phases of the bandicoots natural circadian cycle can be explained by two factors. Firstly, a more stable inactive phase T|_ may be because the animals were intermittently moving during the night/active phase. Figure 1. Body temperatures of a single male southern brown During the inactive phase, Tj_ would be expected to be bandicoot. Black line = core T^, measured by a surgically implanted telemeter for a bandicoot under ambient conditions; fairly stable as the animals activity levels were relatively dark grey line = external telemetry data under a 10-20°C constant (ie while they slept) however, this constancy temperature cycle; light grey line = external telemetry data would be lost during the active phase as the animals under a 20-30'’C cycle. would have varying levels activity depending on what 162 Larcombe: Southern Brown Bandicoot they are doing. Conversely, the slightly higher inactive Brown C R & Bernard RTF 1991 Validation of subcutaneous phase Tj, can be explained by the fact that the when temperature as a measure of deep body temperature in small bats. Journal of Zoology 224: 315-318. the bandicoots were inactive was up to 10°C higher than the active phase T^. Brown G D & Dawson T J 1977 Seasonal variations in the body temperatures of unrestrained kangaroos /. obesulus displays a slight nychthermal variation in (Macropodidea:Marsupialia). Comparative Biochemistry and T|^. Hulbert & Dawson (1974) found no pronounced cycle Physiology 56A: 59-67. in the body temperatures of five bilbies (Macrotis lagotis), Dausmann K H 2005 Measuring body temperature in the field - however was slightly higher at the beginning and end evaluation of external vs. implanted transmitters in a small of the night and that the greatest variation in was mammal./oiima/ of Thermal Biology 30: 195-202. during the active phase. Brown & Dawson (1977) found Dawson W R & Bennett A F 1978 Energy metabolism and thermoregulation of the spectacled hare wallaby that three species of kangaroo displayed a nychthermal {Lagorchestes conspicillatus). Physiological Zoology 51; 114- variation in of 1.6-3.1°C, and, generally, rectal 130. temperature was highest in the late afternoon (end of the Geiser F & Drury D R 2003 Radiant heat affects inactive phase) and lowest in and early morning. The thermoregulation and energy expenditure during rewarming chuditch {Dasyurus geoffroii) also had a higher and less from torpor, lournal of Comparative Physiology B 173: 55- variable during the active phase (Arnold 1976). 60. Conversely, Gemmell et al. (1997) noted a distinct daily Gemmell R T Turner S J & Krause W J 1997 The circadian pattern in for several species of marsupial with rhythm of body temperature of four marsupials Journal of being higher during the active phase. Thermal Biology 22: 301-307. Hulbert A j & Dawson T J 1974 Thermoregulation in perameloid The results of this study indicate external temperature marsupials from different environments. Comparative telemetry does not provide an accurate measure of Tj, in Biochemistry and Physiology 47A: 591-616. the southern brown bandicoot, and as such it is not Kortner G Brigham R M & Geiser F 2001 Torpor in free-ranging recommended for use with animals of this size (- 1000 g). tawny frogmouths (Podargus strigoides). Physiological and Further study on a larger sample size is needed to assess Biochemical Zoology 74: 789-797. whether I. obesvkis, and marsupials in general, actually Kortner G & Geiser F 2000 Torpor and activity patterns in free- exhibit circadian variation in T^ and, if so, what this ranging sugar gliders Petaurus breviceps (Marsupialia). variation is. Occologia 123: 350-357. Larcombe A N 2002 Effects of temperature on metabolism ventilation and oxygen extraction in the southern brown Acknowledgements: This project was funded by an APA Grant. bandicoot Isoodon obesulus (Marsupialia: Peramelidac). Bandicoots were caught and held under license from CALM. This Physiological & Biochemical Zoology 75: 405-411. research was conducted with the approval of the UWA Animal Larcombe A N & Withers P C 2006 Thermoregulatory, metabolic Experimentation Ethics Committee. Thanks to Sasha Voss and Philip Withers for comments on the manuscript and Shane Maloney for the loan and ventilatory physiology of the western barred bandicoot of the telemetry equipment and help with implantation surgery. (Perameles bougainviUc bougainviUe) in summer and winter. Australian Journal of Zoology 54:15-21. Muchlinski A E Baldwin B C Padick D A Lee B Y Salguero H S References & Gramajo R 1998 California ground squirrel body temperature regulation patterns measured in the laboratory Arnold ] M 1976 Growth and bioenergetics of the chuditch and in the natural environment. Comparative Biochemistry Dasyurus geoffroii. PhD Thesis The University of Western and Physiology A 120; 365-372. Australia. Refinetti R 1999 Amplitude of the daily rhythm of body Audet D & Tlromas D W 1996 Evaluation of the accuracy of temperature in eleven mammalian species. Journal of body temperature measurement using external radio Thermal Biology 24: 477-481. transmitters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1778-1781. Withers P C 1992 Metabolism water balance and temperature Barclay R M R Kalcounis M C Crampton L H Stefan C Vonhof regulation in the golden bandicoot {Isoodon auratus). M J Wilkinson L & Brigham R M 1996 Can external Australian Journal of Zoology 40: 523-531. radiotransmitters be used to.* assess body temperature and torpor in bats? Journal of Mammalogy 71:1102-1106. 163