Beginning Spanish Grammar Luis Aragonés and Ramón Palencia New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. ISBN: 978-0-07-184065-1 MHID: 0-07-184065-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-184064-4, MHID: 0-07-184064-8. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Presentation W h a t i s t h i s b o o k ? McGraw-Hill Education: Beginning Spanish Grammar is addressed to beginner-level students. It is broken down into 107 units that deal with very concrete grammar points organized in double pages of theory and practice: Presentation Exercises that work of content in on the material drawings. presented on the theory page. THEORY PRACTICE Easy and sequenced grammar explanations. Sample answers that make it clearer how to Reference complete the marks to other exercises. units to clarify or complete concepts. Spaces to indicate the Be Careful tables number of that indicate the correct answers points that are and to carry out most difficult. the self-test. • A clear grammar explanation of the theoretical contents. • Grammar practice that includes a large number of examples and exercises. • Grammar usage with current and worthwhile vocabulary and contexualized examples of everyday situations. • A grammar visual with clear structures, numerous illustrations, and colored references to indicate the most significant contents. H o w i s i t u s e d ? • The book can be used either in the classroom or as a self-taught instrument. For this reason, at the end of the book are an answer key with all of the answers to the exercises plus Spanish/English and English/Spanish glossaries with all the necessary vocabulary to understand the exercises. • Each unit can be dealt with in an independent way: teacher or student can solve a specific question without having to follow the book from beginning to end. • Each person can begin the book either at the Contents, where the units are organized by grammar points, or at the Index, where concepts and key words are included in alphabetical order. 3 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 3 02/10/14 10:22 A w o r k p r o p o s a l • To work on new grammar aspects for the student: – Read the theory. – Do the exercises. – Review the exercises with the help of the answer key, highlighting the incorrect answers. – Read the theory again, focusing on finding new information that explains the mistakes made in the exercises. – Do the exercises again and then review them. – Repeat the previous step a few days later. • To work on grammar points that the student already knows: Do the above-mentioned process starting on the second step. Read the grammar theory only to check the reasons for certain mistakes. • To work on units that contain grammar points and common subjects and that are related to each other through rerference marks: – Remember previous contents necessary for the comprehension of a new unit or units by going back to the units indicated in a reference mark and reading the theory. – Advance and go into more detail in the grammar point or content by going to the unit or units indicated in the reference mark, reading the theory, and doing the exercises. • To do a self-test for each unit, complete the table that appears in the margin of every exercise with the number of correct answers. • To work on basic questions referring to Spanish grammar, two units are included at the back of the book that can be studied at any time, regardless of the itinerary chosen for the book units. 4 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 4 02/10/14 10:22 Contents Unit 1: el hijo, la hija Masculine, feminine (1) ................................................................................... 10 Unit 2: el libro, la mesa Masculine, feminine (2) ................................................................................... 12 Unit 3: libro, libros Singular, plural ............................................................................................... 14 Unit 4: un, una, unos, unas The indefinite article ....................................................................................... 16 Unit 5: un coche / coche Absence of the article ...................................................................................... 18 Unit 6: el, la, los, las The definite article .......................................................................................... 20 Unit 7: un perro / el perro Contrasting the indefinite and definite article ................................................. 22 Unit 8: el señor Alonso, la calle Mayor The definite article with proper nouns .............................................................. 24 Unit 9: el seis de enero The definite article with expressions of time .................................................... 26 Unit 10: tocar la guitarra Other uses of the definite article ...................................................................... 28 Unit 11: el rojo, uno rojo Omitting the noun ........................................................................................... 30 Unit 12: este, ese, aquel… Demonstrative adjectives ................................................................................ 32 Unit 13: un coche pequeño Descriptive adjectives ...................................................................................... 34 Unit 14: una amiga chilena Adjectives of nationality .................................................................................. 36 Unit 15: más caro, menos trabajador Comparative adjectives (1) ............................................................................... 38 Unit 16: tan alto Comparative adjectives (2) .............................................................................. 40 Unit 17: mi, tu, su… Possessives (1) ................................................................................................ 42 Unit 18: mío, tuyo, suyo… Possessives (2) ............................................................................................... 44 Unit 19: uno, dos, tres… Cardinal numbers (1) ....................................................................................... 46 Unit 20: treinta, cuarenta… Cardinal numbers (2) ....................................................................................... 48 Unit 21: cien, mil, un millón… Cardinal numbers (3) ....................................................................................... 50 Unit 22: primero, segundo, tercero… Ordinal numbers ............................................................................................. 52 5 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 5 02/10/14 10:22 Unit 23: todo, toda, todos, todas Indefinite reference (1) .................................................................................... 54 Unit 24: un, otro Indefinite reference (2) .................................................................................... 56 Unit 25: mucho, poco, demasiado, suficiente... Indefinite reference (3) .................................................................................... 58 Unit 26: alguien, algo, nadie, nada Indefinite reference (4) .................................................................................... 60 Unit 27: más, menos, tanto Comparisons with nouns ................................................................................. 62 Unit 28: yo, tú, él… Personal pronouns: subject ............................................................................. 64 Unit 29: Te amo. Personal pronouns: direct object ..................................................................... 66 Unit 30: Me ha regalado un reloj. Personal pronouns: indirect object .................................................................. 68 Unit 31: Se lo he dado. Indirect and direct object pronouns ................................................................. 70 Unit 32: lo/la/le Contrasting the personal pronouns .................................................................. 72 Unit 33: me ducho Reflexive pronouns .......................................................................................... 74 Unit 34: para mí, conmigo… Personal pronouns with prepositions ............................................................... 76 Unit 35: que, donde Relative pronouns ........................................................................................... 78 Unit 36: ¿quién?, ¿qué? Interrogatives (1) ............................................................................................. 80 Unit 37: ¿cuál?, ¿qué? Interrogatives (2) ............................................................................................. 82 Unit 38: ¿dónde?, ¿cuándo?, ¿cuánto/a/os/as? Interrogatives (3) ............................................................................................. 84 Unit 39: ¿cómo?, ¿por qué?, ¿para qué? Interrogatives (4) ............................................................................................. 86 Unit 40: ¡qué! Exclamatories .................................................................................................. 88 Unit 41: soy, eres, es… Present indicative of ser .................................................................................. 90 Unit 42: estoy, estás, está… Present indicative of estar ............................................................................... 92 Unit 43: soy alegre / estoy alegre Contrasting ser and estar ................................................................................ 94 Unit 44: tengo, tienes, tiene… Present indicative of tener ............................................................................... 96 6 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 6 02/10/14 10:22 Unit 45: Hay un vaso en la mesa. Present indicative of haber (impersonal) .......................................................... 98 Unit 46: Hay un cine. Está en la calle Mayor. Contrasting haber and estar ............................................................................ 100 Unit 47: trabajo, trabajas… Present indicative: verbs ending in –ar ............................................................ 102 Unit 48: como, comes… Present indicative: verbs ending in –er ............................................................ 104 Unit 49: vivo, vives… Present indicative: verbs ending in –ir ............................................................. 106 Unit 50: pienso, quiero… Present indicative: irregular verbs (1) ............................................................... 108 Unit 51: duermo, juego… Present indicative: irregular verbs (2) ............................................................... 110 Unit 52: Mañana voy al médico. Present indicative: other uses .......................................................................... 112 Unit 53: me levanto Verbs with me, te, se… .................................................................................... 114 Unit 54: me lavo / lavo Contrasting verbs with or without me, te, se… .................................................. 116 Unit 55: ¿Te gusta la música? Verbs with me, te, le… ..................................................................................... 118 Unit 56: Estoy viendo las noticias. Present of estar + gerund ................................................................................. 120 Unit 57: hago / estoy haciendo Contrasting the present indicative and estar + gerund ...................................... 122 Unit 58: trabajé, comí, viví Preterite: regular verbs ................................................................................... 124 Unit 59: estuve, fue Preterite: irregular verbs ................................................................................. 126 Unit 60: he trabajado Present perfect (1) ........................................................................................... 128 Unit 61: he viajado mucho Present perfect (2) ........................................................................................... 130 Unit 62: he trabajado / trabajé Contrasting present perfect and preterite ......................................................... 132 Unit 63: trabajaba, comía, vivía Imperfect ........................................................................................................ 134 Unit 64: trabajé / trabajaba Contrasting preterite and imperfect ................................................................. 136 Unit 65: trabajaré, comeré, viviré Future: regular verbs ....................................................................................... 138 Unit 66: habré, podré Future: irregular verbs ..................................................................................... 140 7 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 7 02/10/14 10:22 Unit 67: voy a salir Present of ir a + infinitive ................................................................................. 142 Unit 68: haré / hago / voy a hacer Contrasting different ways of expressing the future .......................................... 144 Unit 69: Abre la ventana. Affirmative imperative: regular verbs ................................................................ 146 Unit 70: No abras la ventana. Negative imperative: regular verbs ................................................................... 148 Unit 71: Cierra la ventana. Imperative: irregular verbs (1) .......................................................................... 150 Unit 72: No juegues aquí. Imperative: irregular verbs (2) .......................................................................... 152 Unit 73: Pon la mesa. Imperative: irregular verbs (3) .......................................................................... 154 Unit 74: Lávate. Imperative of verbs with se .............................................................................. 156 Unit 75: Cómprala. No la compres. Imperative with object pronouns ...................................................................... 158 Unit 76: Viajar es estupendo. Infinitive ......................................................................................................... 160 Unit 77: voy a trabajar / tengo que trabajar Expressions with infinitive (1) .......................................................................... 162 Unit 78: Suelo comer en casa. Expressions with infinitive (2) .......................................................................... 164 Unit 79: El autobús acaba de irse. Expressions with infinitive (3) .......................................................................... 166 Unit 80: trabajando, comiendo, viviendo Gerund ............................................................................................................ 168 Unit 81: Puedo hacerlo. Estoy haciéndolo. Object pronouns with infinitive and gerund ...................................................... 170 Unit 82: trabajado, comido, vivido Participle ......................................................................................................... 172 Unit 83: Quiero a Marta. Le he dejado mi bici a Pedro. Direct and indirect objects ............................................................................... 174 Unit 84: aquí, allí, arriba, abajo… Adverbs of place .............................................................................................. 176 Unit 85: hoy, ayer, entonces, luego… Adverbs of time (1) .......................................................................................... 178 Unit 86: ya, todavía Adverbs of time (2) .......................................................................................... 180 Unit 87: siempre, de vez en cuando, a veces… Adverbs and expressions of frequency ............................................................. 182 Unit 88: muy, mucho, bastante… Adverbs of quantity ......................................................................................... 184 8 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 8 02/10/14 10:22 Unit 89: bien, fácilmente Adverbs of manner .......................................................................................... 186 Unit 90: más rápido, mejor Comparison adverbs ....................................................................................... 188 Unit 91: no, nunca Negative adverbs ............................................................................................ 190 Unit 92: yo sí, yo no, yo también, yo tampoco Expressing agreement or disagreement ............................................................ 192 Unit 93: y, o, pero… Conjunctions ................................................................................................... 194 Unit 94: a las cinco, por la mañana… Prepositions (1) ............................................................................................... 196 Unit 95: a Tijuana, desde la playa… Prepositions (2) ............................................................................................... 198 Unit 96: encima de la mesa, dentro de la caja… Prepositions (3) ............................................................................................... 200 Unit 97: a Pedro, de Elvira, en autobús… Prepositions (4) ............................................................................................... 202 Unit 98: para ti, por amor… Prepositions (5) ............................................................................................... 204 Unit 99: Pienso en ti. Verbs with prepositions ................................................................................... 206 Unit 100: Creo que es muy caro. Subordinate clauses with que ........................................................................... 208 Unit 101: Si ganan, serán campeones. Conditional clauses ......................................................................................... 210 Unit 102: cuando era joven, antes de irme… Time clauses ................................................................................................... 212 Unit 103: para estudiar… Purpose clauses .............................................................................................. 214 Unit 104: porque hace frío, por la niebla, por eso está en forma Reason and result clauses ............................................................................... 216 Unit 105: Hace frío. Impersonal clauses ......................................................................................... 218 Unit 106: médico, árbol, inglés Accent marks (tilde) ......................................................................................... 220 Unit 107: Arturo Sánchez Use of capital letters ........................................................................................ 222 Index ................................................................................................................... 224 Answer key .......................................................................................................... 228 Glossary .............................................................................................................. 240 9 157338_01_como_se_usa.indd 9 02/10/14 10:22