McDONALD AND AVERY’S DENTISTRY CHILD ADOLESCENT Jeffrey A. Dean, DDS, MSD Chief of Staff, Office of the Chancellor Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Ralph E. McDonald Professor of Pediatric Dentistry and Professor of Orthodontics Indiana University School of Dentistry Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health Indianapolis, Indiana ASSOCIATE EDITORS James E. Jones, DMD, MSD, EdD, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Clinical Professor Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana LaQuia A. Walker Vinson, DDS, MPH Assistant Professor Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 McDONALD AND AVERY’S DENTISTRY FOR THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT, TENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-28745-6 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permis- sion, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experi- ence broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medi- cal treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manu- facturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diag- noses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2004, 1998, 1994, 1987, 1983, 1978, 1974, and 1969. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDonald and Avery’s dentistry for the child and adolescent / [edited by] Jeffrey A. Dean, David R. Avery, Ralph E. McDonald. -- Tenth edition. p. ; cm. Dentistry for the child and adolescent Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-28745-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Dean, Jeffrey A. (Jeffrey Alan), editor. II. Avery, David R., editor. III. McDonald, Ralph E., 1920- , editor. IV. Title: Dentistry for the child and adolescent. [DNLM: 1. Dental Care for Children. 2. Pediatric Dentistry--methods. WU 480] RK55.C5 617.6’45--dc23 2015002959 Executive Content Strategist: Kathy Falk Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower Senior Content Development Specialist: Brian Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell Book Designer: Ashley Miner Printed in China. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Affectionately dedicated to my wife, Barbara, and to my children, Courtney, Tom, and Austin. As we all know, the time away from family to work on this project can never be gained back, but your patience, love, and support throughout its production are so wonderfully appreciated. Contributors Johan K. Aps, DDS, MSc, MSc, PhD Jeffrey A. Dean, DDS, MSD Clinical Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Chief of Staff Radiology Office of the Chancellor Department of Oral Medicine Indiana University-Purdue University University of Washington Indianapolis Seattle, Washington Ralph E. McDonald Professor of Pediatric Dentistry and Professor of Orthodontics Jeffrey D. Bennett, DMD Indiana University School of Dentistry Professor and Chair Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health Department of Oral Surgery and Hospital Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Kevin J. Donly, DDS, MS Diplomate, American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Professor and Chair Surgeons (ABOMS) Department of Developmental Dentistry Diplomate, National Dental Board of Anesthesiology Professor Fellow, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Pediatrics Surgeons (AAOMS) University of Texas Health Science Center at San Fellow, American Dental Society of Anesthesiology Antonio (ADSA) San Antonio, Texas David T. Brown, DDS, MS Burton L. Edelstein, DDS, MPH Chair, Department of Restorative Dentistry Professor of Dentistry and Health Policy and Director, Undergraduate Restorative Management Professor of Prosthodontics Department of Community Health Indiana University School of Dentistry College of Dental Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York Angus C. Cameron, BDS(Hons) MDSc FDSRCS(Eng) FRACDS John D. Emhardt, MD Head Riley Hospital for Children Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Indiana University Health Westmead Hospital Indianapolis, Indiana Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Head and Clinical Associate Professor Donald J. Ferguson, DMD, MSD Department of Paediatric Dentistry Dean and Professor of Orthodontics The University of Sydney European University College Sydney, Australia Dubai, United Arab Emirates Judith R. Chin, DDS, MS Elie M. Ferneini, DMD, MD, MHS, MBA, FACS Associate Professor Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Department of Pediatric Dentistry Assistant Clinical Professor, University of Connecticut Indiana University School of Dentistry Medical Director, Beau Visage Med Spa Indianapolis, Indiana Private Practice, Greater Waterbury OMS Waterbury, Connecticut Roberto L. Flores, MD Medical Director Pediatric Craniofacial Center NYU Langone Medical Center New York, New York vii viii Contributors James K. Hartsfield Jr., DMD, MS, MMSc, PhD, James E. Jones, DMD, MSD, EdD, PhD FACMG, FACD, FICD, CDABO Professor and Chair Professor and E. Preston Hicks Endowed Chair in Department of Pediatric Dentistry Orthodontics and Oral Health Research Indiana University School of Dentistry Director, Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Clinical Professor Diseases Hereditary Genetics/Genomics Core Department of Pediatrics University of Kentucky Indiana University School of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky Indianapolis, Indiana Adjunct Professor Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics Mathew T. Kattadiyil, BDS, MDS, MS Indiana University School of Dentistry Professor and Director Indianapolis, Indiana Advanced Specialty Education Program in Adjunct Professor Prosthodontics Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Loma Linda University School of Dentistry Indiana University School of Medicine Loma Linda, California Indianapolis, Indiana Adjunct Clinical Professor Joan E. Kowolik, BDS, LDS, RCS Edin, Department of Orthodontics Dip. Clin. Hyp. University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry Director of Predoctoral Pediatric Dentistry Chicago, Illinois Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics Department of Pediatric Dentistry Diplomate of the American Board of Medical Genetics Indiana University School of Dentistry Co-Editor in Chief, Journal of Pediatric Genetics Indianapolis, Indiana Roberta A. Hibbard, MD John T. Krull, DDS Professor of Pediatrics Assistant Professor Director Section of Child Protection Programs Department of Pediatric Dentistry Department of Pediatrics Indiana University School of Dentistry Indiana of University School of Medicine Private Practice of Orthodontics Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Randy A. Hock, MD, PhD, MMM George E. Krull, DDS Presbyterian Blume Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Private Practice, Pediatric Dentistry Clinic Clarkston, Michigan Presbyterian Novant Medical Group Charlotte, North Carolina John J. Manaloor, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Donald V. Huebener, DDS, MS, MAEd Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases Professor, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Global Health Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri of Medicine Professor, Pediatric Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana School of Dental Medicine Southern Illinois University James L. McDonald Jr., PhD Alton, Illinois Emeritus Professor of Oral Biology Indiana University School of Dentistry Christopher V. Hughes, DMD, PhD Indianapolis, Indiana Professor and Chair Department of Pediatric Dentistry John S. McDonald, DDS, MS Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Volunteer Professor Newark, New Jersey Pediatrics/Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral and Maxillofacial Vanchit John, DDS, MSD, MDS, BDS Pathology Chairman Anesthesiology/Chronic Head and Neck Pain Department of Periodontics and Allied Dental Programs University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute Associate Professor Headache and Facial Pain Section Indiana University School of Dentistry University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Cincinnati, Ohio Contributors ix Edwin T. Parks, DMD, MS Jenny I. Stigers, DMD Professor of Diagnostic Sciences Associate Professor Indiana University School of Dentistry University of Kentucky College of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Lexington, Kentucky Jeffrey A. Platt, DDS, MS George K. Stookey, MSD, PhD Associate Professor of Dental Materials Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Restorative Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Shannon L. Thompson, MD Laura Romito, DDS, MS Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Associate Professor of Oral Biology IU Child Protection Programs Indiana University School of Dentistry Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Brian J. Sanders, DDS, MS Erwin G. Turner, DMD Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Associate Professor and Residency Director Department of Pediatric Dentistry Department of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry University of Kentucky College of Dentistry Director, Post Graduate Pediatric Program Lexington, Kentucky Department of Pediatric Dentistry Riley Hospital for Children LaQuia A. Walker Vinson, DDS, MPH Indianapolis, Indiana Assistant Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana University Mark A. Saxen, DDS, PhD Indianapolis, Indiana Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology James A. Weddell, DDS, MSD Indiana University School of Dentistry Associate Professor of Pediatric Dentistry Dentist Anesthesiologist Department of Pediatric Dentistry Indiana Office-Based Anesthesia Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Amy D. Shapiro, MD Julie Weir, BS, CDMP Medical Director Founder and Consulting Associate Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center Julie Weir & Associates Dental Practice Management Indianapolis, Indiana Consulting Elizabeth, Colorado Daniel E. Shin, DDS, MSD Clinical Assistant Professor Ghaeth H. Yassen, BDS, MSD, PhD Director of Predoctoral Periodontology Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Periodontology Department of Restorative Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana Kenneth J. Spolnik, DDS, MSD Karen M. Yoder, MSD, PhD Clinical Professor, Chair and Program Director Professor and Director, Civic Engagement and Department of Endodontics Health Policy Indiana University School of Dentistry Department of Preventative and Community Dentistry Indianapolis, Indiana Indiana University School of Dentistry Diplomate, American Board of Endodontics Indianapolis, Indiana Co-Founder of Indianapolis Endodontics, P.C. Foreword As we entrust the continuing editions of this textbook to Dental technology has advanced immeasurably in the others, we reflect on the many rewards we have realized by 50 years that these publications have been available. At our participation in the previous editions. The personal re- that time the efficacy of fluoridated dentifrices had re- wards have been many but the more important result is the cently been recognized as a safe and effective adjunct to positive impact that the previous printings have hopefully dental caries prevention. Communal water fluoridation had on students, colleagues who teach and/or practice pe- was also relatively new. Both of these exceptional car- diatric dentistry, and most importantly their patients. ies prevention services were viewed skeptically by many. Continued The late Dr. Ralph E. McDonald (seated) with Dr. Jeffrey A. Dean (left) and Dr. David R. Avery (right), pictured with all nine editions of McDonald and Avery’s Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent displayed on the desktop. xi xii Foreword Today they are accepted by the majority of the scientific textbook from one edition to the next. Other noteworthy community. Only 30 years ago dental amalgam was still rewards for us have been the many hugs of appreciation the mainstay of restorative dentistry, preformed and fes- we have received from our own grateful patients as we tooned stainless steel crowns had just been introduced, provided the care that we espoused. and composite resins were in their infancy. Today the Listing every individual who has helped us over the crowns and esthetic materials dominate the restorative years of these publications is impractical. Suffice it to say services provided in pediatric dentistry. Similarly, signifi- that we are most appreciative to all our colleagues and cant changes in the standards of care and the increased students, patients, friends, and family who have support- level of our knowledge are reflected in every chapter of ed our efforts in myriad ways. this tenth edition. Finally, we wish Godspeed to Drs. Dean, Jones, Vin- The senior members of our profession recognize that son, and all other future contributors as they proceed the technologic advancements and accepted practice with this work of love. We have the utmost confidence in norms have dramatically changed our approach to patient their abilities to carry on. care over the past few decades. Virtually every aspect of patient therapy has been affected. We also acknowledge Ralph E. McDonald, DDS, MS, LLD* that the advancements are now growing exponentially. Dean Emeritus and Professor Emeritus of Pediatric However, the ultimate goal of providing the highest qual- Dentistry ity service to patients remains the same. Indiana University School of Dentistry Although our publication goal has been to make a Indianapolis, Indiana positive contribution to our profession and ultimately to its patients, no one has benefited from our efforts more David R. Avery, DDS, MSD than we have. Regular new editions required us to update Ralph E. McDonald Professor Emeritus of Pediatric our base of knowledge from additions in the scientific lit- Dentistry erature and from exchanging experiences with our col- Indiana University School of Dentistry and leagues, including students. Constructive suggestions and James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children criticisms from our colleagues have also strengthened the Indianapolis, Indiana *Unfortunately, Dr. McDonald passed away shortly after the Foreword was written and only months prior to the first print- ing of the tenth edition. We are all terribly saddened by this loss and will miss him dearly. Preface With this publication of the textbook, we are entering a In addition to all of the new contributors to the text, historic milestone with the first “double digit” edition of as well as the electronic version having questions and the title Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. As I write answers with each chapter, we have also included a case this, I am holding Dr. Ralph McDonald’s very first book study or two for each chapter, as well as 10 video vi- entitled Pedodontics: The Postgraduate Dental Lecture Series, gnettes to enhance the learning experience for students. which he developed early in his career as a professor of These are significant improvements that we hope you will pediatric dentistry. This book was published by the CV find most enjoyable. They are available on the Elsevier Mosby Company in 1963 and had 11 chapters, comple- Evolve website. mented with 245 illustrations. The copy I am holding Whereas I am very pleased to point out that we have in my hand was Dr. McDonald’s personal copy and has rearranged the text into five major areas of focus, I hope many handwritten entries in it. What a treasure! that you will notice that the same excellent chapter titles Although his 1963 first text is known by a different title, are promulgated in this tenth edition. The new five ar- it clearly is the foundation of our current series. In fact, all eas of focus will help the practitioner and student as they 11 chapter titles in this 1963 edition can be found in some organize their thinking and practice around these con- form or another in the current text. As you may have no- cepts. In addition to this new organization, we continue ticed, this therefore represents the 50th celebratory an- to attempt to replace all illustrations with color and have niversary for this classic pediatric dentistry textbook. Dr. made significant improvements in this area. McDonald and Dr. David Avery, who joined him in writ- The fundamental essence of the textbook is retained, ing the last seven editions, certainly have left their mark such that the information contained herein remains rel- on our specialty with this work, and it’s a unique honor evant to the contemporary science and practice of pe- and pleasure for me to be able to help continue the series diatric dentistry. It is designed to help predoctoral and now and hopefully into the future. One can certainly re- postdoctoral pediatric dental students provide efficient flect on the perhaps millions of children who these two and superior comprehensive oral health care to infants, grand gentlemen were able to directly assist by continu- children, teenagers, and medically compromised patients. ing to provide the latest theories, research, concepts, and It also provides experienced dentists with reference infor- techniques to practitioners around the world. mation regarding new developments and techniques. So what changes have we made to this edition? First Once again, please join me in celebrating the fiftieth and foremost is the bowing out of both Drs. McDonald anniversary of this textbook series! In assuming the role and Avery as editors of the book. While I stayed in regu- of editor, I hope I have done justice to the previous work lar communications with them during the production, of both Drs. McDonald and Avery. I look forward to re- they were not actively engaged in writing or editing. Their ceiving feedback from you as you have a chance to peruse involvement was definitely missed by me. In addition, the book and as we look forward to continuing the tradi- many other contributors have moved on with retirements tion of excellence in pediatric dental education and prac- and other life transitions and are no longer involved. tice. My sincerest appreciation to all of our past author Although we are all sad to see them go, their departure contributors—and especially to our continuing and our opened up exciting opportunities for new expert contribu- new author contributors—for all of their dedication and tors to become involved. And I can say, I was very fortu- work on this anniversary edition! nate to successfully recruit wonderful new authors. Jeffrey A. Dean xiii Acknowledgments A textbook can be planned and written only with the Moore, Robert Feigal†, Robert Cronin, Charles Goodacre, supportive interest, encouragement, and tangible con- Thomas Lapp, Ronald Bell†, Michael Sadove, Ann Page tributions of many people. Therefore it is a privilege to Griffin, Jasper Lewis, and Charles Hutton. My hat’s off to acknowledge the assistance of others in the preparation them for their previous contributions! In addition, special of this fiftieth anniversary and tenth edition of the text. recognition goes to Dr. Rolando DeCastro for his many First and foremost, of course, I must acknowledge the tre- wonderful illustrations and cover art over the years. Don- mendous contributions and mentorship of both Doctors na Bumgardner once again provided manuscript prepa- Ralph McDonald and David Avery. As I mentioned in the ration and valuable editorial assistance for our work, in- preface, their contributions to this edition are missed, but cluding serving as a bit of a taskmaster to make sure we I know that their guidance and mentoring of me during stayed on track. Mark Dirlam, Kyla Jones, Terry Wilson, my contributions over the last four editions helped me and Tim Centers provided assistance with new illustra- tremendously as I assumed my new role as chief editor. tions. We also gratefully acknowledge the professional They both served as tremendous role models and support- staff at Elsevier who has provided valuable assistance and ers throughout my career. superb guidance in the preparation of this tenth edition, Next, I wish to acknowledge the contributions of my with special thanks to Kathy Falk, executive content spe- two associate editors, Dr. James Jones and Dr. LaQuia Vin- cialist; Brian Loehr, senior content development special- son. Dr. Jones has contributed to this textbook for many ist; and Sharon Corell, senior project manager. The facul- editions, and in particular in this past edition has done ties of pediatric dentistry and other disciplines at Indiana anything I’ve asked to help make sure that we provided a University have contributed substantially to this work in timely and relevant product. Dr. Vinson is a new contrib- many ways. We truly appreciate their willingness to share utor, brings fresh perspectives, and in particular worked information relevant to scientific accuracy of the manu- diligently on various aspects of the book. In addition, I’d scripts. Many pediatric dentistry postdoctoral students like to thank Dr. Juan Yepes for taking on the task of mak- and auxiliary staff also assisted in numerous ways. ing multiple video vignettes that will complement the With this special anniversary edition I would like to online version of the textbook. take the privilege and follow the lead of Dr. McDonald, as I would certainly like to take the opportunity to he did in his very first edition of this series back in 1963, thank the many authors and co-authors who made this to thank my family for their patience, love, and support tenth edition possible. Specifically, I need to thank and throughout this project and always. acknowledge the contributions in previous editions by authors who did not participate this time: Drs. Gerald Jeffrey A. Dean Wright, Dale Miles, David Bixler†, Murray Dock, Keith †Deceased xv