Mayes’ Midwifery For Elsevier Commissioning Editor: Mairi McCubbin Development Editor: Sheila Black Project Manager: Glenys Norquay Designer: Charles Gray Illustration Manager: Gillian Richards Illustrator: Cactus Mayes’ Midwifery FOURTEENTH EDITION Edited by Sue Macdonald MSc PGCEA ADM RM RN ILTM FETC Education and Research Manager and Lead Midwife for Education, Learning, Research and Practice Development Department International Office, Royal College of Midwives, London, UK Julia Magill-Cuerden MA PhD DN DipEd MTD NTF FRCM RM RN Emeritus Scholar of Thames Valley University, Formerly Principal Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow, Thames Valley University, London, UK Foreword by Cathy Warwick Professor, CBE, General Secretary of the Royal College of Midwives, London, UK Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2010 Baillière Tindall, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd © 2011 Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. 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As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be adminis- tered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editor assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. The Publisher The Working together to grow publisher’s libraries in developing countries policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Printed in China Contents Contributors ..............................................................vii 15. Legal frameworks for the care of the Foreword .....................................................................xi child ...............................................................171 Preface .......................................................................xiii Acknowledgements ................................................xvii Part 3: Public health, health promotion and childbirth Part 1: The midwife in context 16. Epidemiology ...............................................185  1. The global midwife...........................................3 17. Nutrition ........................................................197  2. A history of the midwifery profession 18. Complementary therapies in maternity in the United Kingdom .................................13 care: responsibilities of midwives...............207  3. Statutory framework for practice ..................33 19. Health promotion and education ..............217  4. The midwife as a lifelong learner .................47 20. Preconception care ........................................231  5. Evidence-based practice and research 21. Education for parenthood ..........................243 for practice .......................................................65 22. Physical preparation for childbirth  6. Leadership and management in and beyond, and the role of midwifery .........................................................75 physiotherapy ...............................................253  7. Governance in midwifery ..............................87 23. Vulnerable women ......................................265  8. Ethics and midwifery practice .......................97 9. Law and the midwife ...................................105 10. Pharmacology and the midwife ................123 Part 4: The anatomy and physiology of fertility, Part 2: Childbirth in context conception and pregnancy 11. Social, cultural and spiritual context of 24. Anatomy of male and female childbearing ..................................................139 reproduction .................................................277 12. Psychological context ..................................147 25. Female reproductive physiology ................297 13. Sexuality.........................................................157 26. Genetics ..........................................................309 14. The health service context and 27. Fertility and its control ................................327 midwifery ......................................................163 28. Infertility and assisted conception ............339 v Contents 29. Fertilization, embryonic, fetal and Part 8: The postnatal and neonatal placental development ................................353 period 30. The fetal skull ...............................................379 51. Content and organization of postnatal care .................................................................725 Part 5: Pregnancy 52. Morbidity following childbirth..................735 31. Maternal and fetal responses to Part 9: Problems and disorders pregnancy ......................................................397 of pregnancy, childbearing and 32. Confirming pregnancy and care of the birth and their management pregnant woman ............................................411 33. Antenatal investigations ..............................443 53. Nausea and vomiting ..................................747 34. The choice agenda and place of birth 54. Bleeding in pregnancy .................................753 and care .........................................................455 55. Medical disorders of pregnancy ..................771 56. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy........787 Part 6: Labour and birth 57. Sexually transmitted infections ..................799 58. Abnormalities of the genital tract ................811 59. Multiple pregnancy .......................................819 35. Physiological changes from late pregnancy 60. Pre-term labour .............................................831 until the onset of lactation .........................463 61. Procedures in obstetrics ..............................839 36. Care in the first stage of labour .................483 62. Induction of labour and post-term 37. Care in the second stage of labour ............509 pregnancy .......................................................851 38. Pain, labour and women’s choice of 63. Rhythmic variations of labour ....................861 pain relief .......................................................521 64. Malpositions and malpresentations .........869 39. Care in the third stage of labour ...............535 65. Disproportion, obstructed labour and 40. The pelvic floor .............................................551 uterine rupture..............................................899 66. Shoulder dystocia ..........................................907 Part 7: The newborn baby 67. Presentation and prolapse of the umbilical cord ...............................................919 68. Complications of the third stage of 41. Physiology, assessment and care ...............567 labour .............................................................925 42. Thermoregulation .........................................601 69. Maternal mental health and psychological 43. Infant feeding ................................................615 problems .......................................................939 44. The preterm baby and the small baby ......641 70. Grief and bereavement ................................953 45. Respiratory and cardiac disorders ..............659 46. Neonatal jaundice ........................................675 Part 10: The future 47. Infection ........................................................689 48. Congenital anomalies, fetal and neonatal surgery, and pain ..........................................699 71. Midwifery for the 21st century ....................971 49. Metabolic and endocrine disorders ............711 50. Sudden infant death syndrome ..................717 Index ........................................................................977 vi Contributors Belinda Ackerman MA PGDip PGCEA ADM HV RM RN Kuldip Kaur Bharj OBE RM RN MTD DN (London) IHSM Consultant Midwife, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Foundation Trust RSACounsSkills St Thomas’s Hospital, Women’s Services Directorate, London, Senior Lecturer, School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, UK Leeds, UK Chapter 3 Statutory Framework for Practice Chapter 32 Confirming pregnancy and care of the pregnant Chapter 43 Infant feeding woman Luisa Acosta BSc(Hons) MSc PGDip Jane Bott MSc PGCEA ADM RN RM Senior Lecturer, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, Senior Lecturer in Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Social Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Thames Valley Care Sciences, Kingston University and St George’s Hospital University, London, UK Medical School, London, UK Chapter 68 Complications of the third stage of labour Chapter 57 Sexually transmitted infections Debbie Barber BSc(Hons) MSc PGDE PGCMU DipCouns Maureen Boyle MSc PGCEA ADFM RN RM RGN RM NT Midwife Teacher, Thames Valley University, London, UK Nurse Consultant, Oxford Fertility Unit, John Radcliffe Chapter 33 Antenatal investigations Hospital; Honorary Lecturer, Oxford Brookes University and Guilford University, Oxford, UK Margaret Brock PGCEA SCM ADM SRN Chapter 28 Infertility and assisted conception Senior Midwife and Manager, Delivery Suite, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women’s Centre, Oxford, UK Maria Barrell MA PhD PGDip CertEd ADM RMT RM RN Chapter 65 Disproportion, obstructed labour and uterine Principal Lecturer, School of Health, Community and rupture Education Studies, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK Gill Brook MCSP Chapter 6 Leadership and management in midwifery Physiotherapy Co-ordinator, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK; Secretary of the International Cecelia M. Bartholomew BSc(Hons) MSc PGDip RM Organization of Physical Therapists in Women’s Health RN Chapter 22 Physical preparation for childbirth and beyond, Senior Lecturer, Thames Valley University, London, UK and the role of physiotherapy Chapter 38 Pain, labour and women’s choice of pain relief Chapter 53 Nausea and vomiting Barbara Burden MSc PhD PGCEA ADM RN RM Head of Community Services and Lead Midwife for Carol Bates MA PGCEA ADM RN RM Education, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK Midwifery Education and Practice Consultant, Harpenden, UK Chapter 15 Legal frameworks for the care of the child Chapter 47 Infection Chapter 20 Preconception care Chapter 48 Congenital anomalies, fetal and neonatal surgery, Chapter 24 Anatomy of male and female reproduction and pain Chapter 30 The fetal skull Chapter 49 Metabolic and endocrine disorders Joan Cameron MSc RGN RM Christine A. Bewley BEd MSc PhD ADM RN RM Senior Lecturer and Lead Midwife for Education, School of Head of Department, Midwifery, Child Health and Primary Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK Care; Lead Midwife for Education, Middlesex University, Chapter 45 Respiratory and cardiac disorders London, UK Chapter 55 Medical disorders of pregnancy Chapter 56 Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy vii Contributors Sarah Church MSc PhD PGDE CertRes RGN RM ENB997 Anna Gaudion BSc(Hons) MA RM RN School of Health, University College Northampton, UK Project Lead, Health Equity Audit of Access to Maternity Chapter 63 Rhythmic variations of labour Services, South East London; Consultant,The Polyanna Project, London, UK Terri Coates MSc ADM DipEd RM RN CIMI Chapter 23 Vulnerable women Clinical Midwife, Salisbury NHS Trust, Salisbury, UK Chapter 66 Shoulder dystocia Kathryn Gutteridge MSc(Couns&Psych) PGDip SRN RM SoM Margie Davies RGN RM Consultant Midwife, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK Midwifery Liaison Officer, Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Chapter 69 Maternal mental health and psychological Hospital, London, UK problems Chapter 59 Multiple pregnancy Tina Harris BA(Hons) PhD SRN SCM ADM Tandy Deane-Gray BSc MA PGCEA ADM RGN RM Senior Lecturer in Midwifery, De Montfort University, Senior Lecturer Midwifery, University of Hertfordshire, Leicester, UK Hatfield, UK Chapter 39 Care in the third stage of labour Chapter 21 Education for parenthood Anne-Marie Henshaw MMid RM RGN Jane Denton RGN RM Lecturer, Midwifery and Women’s Health Group; Supervisor Director, Multiple Births Foundation, Queen Charlotte’s and of Midwives, The School of Health Care, University of Leeds, Chelsea Hospital, London, UK Leeds, UK Chapter 59 Multiple pregnancy Chapter 32 Confirming pregnancy and care of the pregnant woman Bridgit Dimond MA LLB DSA AHSM Barrister-at-law; Emeritus Professor, University of Glamorgan, Tina Heptinstall BSc(Hons) MSc PGCEA ADM RN RM Pontypridd, UK Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK Chapter 9 Law and the midwife Chapter 11 Social, cultural and spiritual context of childbearing Jean Donnison BA(Oxon) PhD Chapter 34 The choice agenda and place of birth and care Formerly Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Policy and Administration, University of East London, London, UK Simon Hettle BSc(Hons) PhD CSci MIBMS FHEA Chapter 2 A history of the midwifery profession in the Lecturer, Biological Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of United Kingdom Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK Soo Downe BA(Hons) MSc PhD RM Chapter 26 Genetics Professor of Midwifery Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK Tracey Hodgson MSc PGCEA ADM SRN RM Chapter 37 Care in the second stage of labour Principal Lecturer – Lead Midwife for Education, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK Jacqueline Dunkley-Bent MSc PGCEA ADM MRIPH Chapter 63 Rhythmic variations of labour RGN RM Professor of Midwifery, London South Bank University, Claire Homeyard BSc(Hons) MSc RM RN London, UK Consultant Midwife (Public Health) and Supervisor of Chapter 19 Health promotion and education Midwives, Barking, Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust, London; Consultant, The Polyanna Project, London, UK Kathryn Eglinton BSc(Hons) RN Chapter 23 Vulnerable women Clinical Facilitator, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Whittington Hospital, London, UK Amanda Hutcherson MA DipHEMid PGCE Chapter 44 The preterm baby and the small baby Lecturer in Midwifery, City University London, London, UK Chapter 54 Bleeding in pregnancy Liz Gale BSc(Hons) PP PGDipHE RGN RM Senior Lecturer (Midwifery), University of Greenwich, School Karen Jackson BSc(Hons) RGN RN of Health and Social Care, London, UK Midwife Teacher, Midwifery Education Department, Queen’s Chapter 11 Social, cultural and spiritual context of Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK childbearing Chapter 13 Sexuality Chapter 34 The choice agenda and place of birth and care Patricia Jackson BA(Hons) MA MTD RN RM Senior Lecturer, University of Greenwich, London, UK Chapter 51 Content and organization of postnatal care Chapter 52 Morbidity following childbirth viii Contributors Gail Johnson MA DPSM DipAdultEd RGN RM Julia Magill-Cuerden MA PhD DN DipEd MTD NTF Education and Professional Development Advisor, Royal FRCM RM RN College of Midwives, London, UK Emeritus Scholar of Thames Valley University, Formerly Chapter 50 Sudden infant death syndrome Principal Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow, Thames Valley University, London, UK Patricia Jones BA(Hons) RN RM Chapter 5 Evidence-based practice and research for practice Antenatal Screening Co-ordinator, Fetal Medicine Unit, Chapter 71 Midwifery for the 21st century Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital and University College Hospital, London, UK Pat McGeown MSc RGN RM SoM Chapter 20 Preconception care Head of Midwifery, Perinatal Institute, Birmingham, UK Chapter 62 Induction of labour and post-term pregnancy Shirley R Jones MA ADM CertEd(FE) ILT RGN RM SoM Emeritus Professor of Midwifery, Birmingham City University, Mary McNabb BA BSc MSc PGCEA ADM RN RM Birmingham, UK Educational Consultant, School of Midwifery, Faculty of Chapter 8 Ethics and midwifery practice Health and Social Care Sciences, Kingston University/St George’s University of London, London, UK Sue Jordan MBBCh PhD PGCE(FE) FHEA Chapter 25 Female reproductive physiology Reader, School of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea Chapter 29 Fertilization, embryonic, fetal and placental University, Swansea, UK development Chapter 10 Pharmacology and the midwife Chapter 31 Maternal and fetal responses to pregnancy Chapter 35 Physiological changes from late pregnancy until Tara Kaufmann BA the onset of lactation Change Manager, Service Transformation Team, Barts and the London NHS Trust, London, UK Stephanie Meakin BA MA RN RM Chapter 14 The health service context and midwifery Head of Midwifery Education, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Chris Kettle PhD DM SCM SRN Chapter 61 Procedures in obstetrics Professor of Women’s Health, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maggie Meeks MBChB MD DipEd FRCPCH Stoke-On-Trent, UK Consultant Neonatologist, Christchurch Women’s Hospital, Chapter 40 The pelvic floor Christchurch, New Zealand Chapter 46 Neonatal jaundice Paul Lewis BSc(Hons) MSc DipN PGCEA ADM RM RN RMN FHEA(Hon) FRCM Stephanie Michaelides ADM PGCEA RN RM Professor of Midwifery Practice and Development; Associate Senior Lecturer, Middlesex University, School of Health and Dean – Midwifery, Rehabilitation and Health Sciences, Social Sciences, London, UK Bournemouth University, UK Chapter 41 Physiology, assessment and care Chapter 64 Malpositions and malpresentations Chapter 42 Thermoregulation Chapter 46 Neonatal jaundice Patricia Lindsay RN RM ADM PGCEA MSc DHC Lecturer, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Carol Paeglis BHSc MA ADM ENB997 RN RM SoM Midwifery, King’s College, London, UK LSA Midwifery Officer, Yorkshire and the Humber Local Chapter 58 Abnormalities of the genital tract Supervising Authority, NHS Yorkshire and the Humber, Leeds, Chapter 67 Presentation and prolapse of the umbilical cord UK Chapter 7 Governance in midwifery Sue Macdonald MSc PGCEA ADM RM RN ILTM FETC Education and Research Manager and Lead Midwife for Michael Preston-Shoot BA(Hons) PhD CQSW Education, Learning, Research and Practice Development PGDipSW PGDipPsych Department International Office, Royal College of Midwives, Dean, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of London, UK Bedfordshire, Luton, UK Chapter 4 The midwife as a lifelong learner Chapter 15 Legal frameworks for the care of the child Gaynor D. MacLean MBE BA PhD MTD RN RM Jean Rankin BSc(Hons) MSc PhD RM RGN RSCN PGCert International Midwifery Consultant, Safe Motherhood and Academic Director (Midwifery), University of the West of Reproductive Health, Swansea, UK Scotland, Paisley, UK Chapter 1 The global midwife Chapter 26 Genetics ix