Maya® 8 Character Modeling Gary Oliverio Wordware Publishing, Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Oliverio,Gary. Maya8CharacterModeling/byGaryOliverio; p. cm. Includesindex. ISBN-13:978-1-59822-020-9 ISBN-10:1-59822-020-9(pbk.,companioncd) 1. Computeranimation. 2. Maya(Computerfile). 3. Three-dimensional displaysystems. I. Title. TR897.7.O442006 006.6'96--dc22 2006029338 ©2007,WordwarePublishing,Inc. AllRightsReserved 1100SummitAvenue,Suite102 Plano,Texas75074 Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans withoutpermissioninwritingfromWordwarePublishing,Inc. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica ISBN-13:978-1-59822-020-9 ISBN-10:1-59822-020-9 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0610 AutodeskandMayaareregisteredtrademarksofAutodesk,Inc.,intheUSAand/orothercountries. AdobeandPhotoshopareregisteredtrademarksofAdobeSystemsIncorporatedintheUnitedStates and/orothercountries.PixologicandZBrushareregisteredtrademarksofPixologic,Inc. Photosusedbypermissionofwww.3d.sk. 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All inquiries for volume purchases of this book should be addressed to Wordware Publishing,Inc.,attheaboveaddress.Telephoneinquiriesmaybemadebycalling: (972)423-0090 Thisbookisdedicatedtomywife,Robin,andourfivechildren. SpecialthankstoMikeHovlandforthescriptinghelpaswell. This page intentionally left blank. Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter1 What Am I Getting Myself Into? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WhoIsThisBookFor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LookingForward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 TheArtofProgramming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ToDraworNottoDraw,ThatIstheQuestion… . . . . . . . . 4 ResearchandReference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter2 Words of Wisdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 TheSecretFormula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Save,Save,Save,Save,Save! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 KeepItClean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 WorkingwithQuads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 EdgeLoops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ModelingReferenceGuides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 BeforeWeGetStarted… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ImportantNoteaboutThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter3 A Modeling Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ThatQuadThingAgain… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ExtrudingPitfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Can’tGetaHardEdge! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Normals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 UVLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 TheSculptGeometryTool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ObjectandWorldCoordinates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 GoTools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Wrap-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter4 Beginning the Modeling Process. . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 BlockingouttheBody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ImportantNote. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Wrap-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 v Contents Chapter5 Building the Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ApplyingWhatWe’veLearned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 HeadsUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 ShapingtheNose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 TheMouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 TheEyeSocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter6 Creating the Ear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 GettingtoKnowtheEar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Let’sStartBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Chapter7 What Beautiful Eyes You Have . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 TheDetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Chapter8 Open Wide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 GettingYourChops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 TheTeeth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 TheGums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 TheTongue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 PlacingtheTeethandTongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Chapter9 Fleshing Out the Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 CraftingtheFigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 TheArm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 TheBack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 TheButt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 TheHipsandAbdomen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 TheLegs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 TheBreasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 TheClaviclesandNeck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 TheTouch-Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Chapter10 Hands and Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 TheHand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 HandDetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 TheFoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 FootDetails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 vi Contents Chapter11 Fine-Tuning the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 ThatPerspectiveThing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 FinishingTouches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Chapter12 UVs and Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 ABitaboutAdvancedShaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 OurApproachtoUVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 PreparingtheModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 AssigningUVCoordinatestotheHead . . . . . . . . . . . 339 TexturingtheHead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 FinishingTouches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Chapter13 Character Rigging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 UnderstandingJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 PlacingtheTorsoandHeadJoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 PlacingtheLegandFootJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 PlacingtheArmandHandJoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 CreatingControlsforthePelvisandTorso. . . . . . . . . . 421 CreatingHeadControls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 CreatingArmandHandControls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 CreatingLegandFootControls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Chapter14 The Weighting Is the Hardest Part . . . . . . . . . . 455 TheProcessofWeightingOurCharacter . . . . . . . . . . 455 NormalizedWeighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 SkinningBasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 PaintingtheWeights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 ABitaboutBlendShapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Final Thoughts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 vii This page intentionally left blank. Introduction Insittingdowntowritethisbook,Ireallywantedtoclearlydefine anapproachthatwasaccessibleenoughforabeginnertograsp.I haveseenmanytutorialsthataresopuzzlingthatineffectthey deteranyonefrom3Dmodeling.Theproblemmostpeoplehaveis distinguishingthegoodfromthenotsogood,whichcanbedifficult forthenovicewhoisjustgettinghisfeetwet. Ididn’twantthistobeatediousstringoftutorialsthatyoucan’t digressfromoreasilyputyourowntouchon.Ateachstepalongthe way,Ihopetokeepitniceandsimple.Ithinkthiswayyoucanuse thisbookmerelyasaguidetogetyoustartedonyourownmodel insteadofjustcopyingwhatyouseeinthepagestofollow.If,how- ever,youwanttodojustthat,byallmeansgorightahead!Ihave includedonthecompanionCDallthefilesnecessarytocreatethe characterandaMayafiletoaccompanyeachchapter. InmyyearsofteachingIhavefoundthatitisgenerallydifficult fornew3Dartiststoworkoutthebugs.Ifyouarewillingtoseeit through,Icanguaranteeyouwillgetit!Itellstudentstogetin thereandbreakthings.Messupasmuchasyouneedtoinorderto learnfromyourmistakes.Doitoverandoveragainuntilyouunder- standwhatyoudidwrong.Theprocessofscrappingamodeland startingoverfromscratchwillstrengthenyourskills. Thisapproachwillnotgounrewarded.WhatIhearoftenfrom studentsisthe“Idon’tgetit”mantra.ItellthemthattheEureka momentwillcome.Itusuallydoes—likeabrickupsidethehead! Onedaytheywakeupandtheyjustgetit!WhatIamtryingtosay isdon’tgetdiscouragedifitdoesn’tcomeeasy.Ifyouaredeter- minedtolearn,thenlearnyouwill. IthinkthebestadviceIcouldgivesomeonewhowantsacareer asanartististobepassionate.Noamountofinstructionfromthe bestteacherintheworldwillhelpyouifyouarenotpassionate. Hey,iftheKarateKidwasn’tpassionateabouthistraining,thena roomfullofMr.Miyagiswouldn’tmakeabitofdifference.Nopas- sion=nosequel!Seriouslythough,passionwillseeyouthrough yourdarkesthours.Itwillmakeupforyourlackofskillsuntilyou havegivenyourselfenoughtimetohonethem. ix