Bernhard Fulda, Aya Soika Max Pechstein: The Rise and Fall of Expressionism Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies Edited by Scott Denham · Irene Kacandes Jonathan Petropoulos Volume 11 De Gruyter Bernhard Fulda, Aya Soika Max Pechstein: The Rise and Fall of Expressionism De Gruyter ISBN 978-3-11-029662-4 e-ISBN 978-3-11-028208-5 ISSN 1861-8030 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:88)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:72)(cid:88)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:49)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:192)(cid:72)(cid:30)(cid:3) detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2012 Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Cover image: Max Pechstein in front of his painting Nude with Umbrella and Fan (1912/47) in his apartment in Offenbacher Str. 8, in autumn or winter 1913/14. Photograph. Waldemar Titzenthaler, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen (cid:146) Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com für Lux und Sophia Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX An Artist in the Making, 1881–1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Pechstein and Die Brücke, 1906–1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Paradise, War and Revolution, 1914–1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 The Weimar Years, 1919–1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Life under Dictatorship, 1933–1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 The Final Years, 1945–1955 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 List of illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Frontispiece: Max Pechstein, 1910. Photograph: Minya Diez-Dührkoop, private collection Preface Max Pechstein’s life overlapped with the most dramatic decades of mod- ern German history. He grew up in an age of empire and colonies, fought in the trenches of the First World War, participated in the revolutionary activities of 1918/19, and was part of the vibrant cultural scene during the allegedly ‘roaring Twenties’. He experienced the totalitarian dictatorship of National Socialism, survived Allied air raids on Berlin during the Second World War, narrowly escaped execution by the Red Army in 1945, and, during the last ten years of his life, witnessed the division of Germany and the emergence of the Cold War. In short, Pechstein’s life – like that of many others of his generation – was shaped by what Eric Hobsbawm ap- propriately called the ‘Age of Extremes’.1 What sets Pechstein apart from most of his contemporaries, however, is the fact that throughout this pe- riod he produced art: his was quite literally a colourful life. And yet this in itself is not sufficient justification for writing a biography of Pechstein. After all, there were tens of thousand of other visual artists in Germany who lived through the same period.2 Why, for example, not study the life of Alexander Hubert Law von Volborth? Four years younger than Pech- stein, Volborth was born into a family of German-Russian nobility in St Petersburg, and studied at art academies in Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Ber- lin with some of Germany’s leading artists at that time, like the Prussian court painter Anton von Werner, the historical painter Arthur Kampf, and the Secessionist Max Slevogt.3 As far as we know, Pechstein and Volborth never met: but in 1912 Volborth played Pechstein a practical joke when sending him a letter with a few caricaturist drawings held in a fake mod- 1 Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes. The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991 (London, 1994). 2 In 1936 the Nazi Reich Chamber of Visual Arts, in which all non-Jewish artists were organized, counted around 50,000 members, see Alan E. Steinweis, Art, Ideology, and Economics in Nazi Germany. The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts (Chapel Hill, 1993), 97. 3 Charlotte Fergg-Frowein (ed.), Kürschners Graphiker-Handbuch. Deutschland – Öster- reich – Schweiz. Illustratoren, Gebrauchsgraphiker, Typographen (Berlin, 1967), 311; Arthur Adams, Living descendants of blood royal (London, 1959), vol. 2, 789. Additional information on Volborth’s life was helpfully provided by Dr Uwe Degreif, Museum Bi- berach. X Preface ernist style, asking for guidance on getting these published. The fact that Pechstein failed to spot the joke greatly amused conservative art critics at the time.4 Of course, it is easy to claim that Pechstein eventually had the last laugh: today, his works are displayed in major museums around the globe and fetch up to seven figure sums at international auctions, whereas Volborth’s oils change hands for a few hundred Euro and are on display only in one small local museum, in Biberach in southern Germany. Yet there was nothing inevitable about this outcome, and it would certainly be too simplistic to assume that this development was preordained by the respective ‘quality’ of their artistic output. As Klaus von Beyme rightly observed, artistic careers do not grow organically out of a lonely genius.5 By tracing how Pechstein became one of the most prominent artists of his generation, this book asks for the conditions of artistic success, and how and why these changed over time. It is thus a history of reception, and aims to contribute to a better understanding of the emergence of a canon of modern art. Max Pechstein’s place within the canon of modern art is largely based on his involvement in the artists’ collective Die Brücke (The Bridge), and his contributions to the breakthrough of German Expressionism in the years prior to 1914. It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of Expres- sionism within the wider history of modern German culture. Expression- ism came to be described – by contemporaries of Pechstein as well as later art and cultural historians – as a quintessentially German form of artistic modernism. The defamation of Expressionism in the course of the Nation- al Socialist Degenerate Art campaign only helped cement this view: offi- cial condemnation by the Nazi regime meant that Expressionism could be presented as ‘good’ German art in the wake of the German catastrophe.6 Curating exhibitions with Expressionist art after 1945 thus became part of a larger project of Vergangenheitsbewältigung, of coming to terms with the Nazi past, and of cultural rehabilitation. Like in the period before 1933, some German art historians felt the urge to point out that by 1910/11 Ger- man Expressionists – and the Brücke artists in particular – ‘had reached a level which secured them a premier position within European art, equal 4 See chapter 2. 5 Klaus von Beyme, Das Zeitalter der Avantgarden. Kunst und Gesellschaft 1905–1955 (Mu- nich, 2005), 235. 6 According to Saehrendt, the Brücke group became ‘once more the cultural showpiece of democratic Germany’, in Christian Saehrendt, “Die Brücke” zwischen Staatskunst und Verfemung. Expressionistische Kunst als Politikum in der Weimarer Republik, im “Dritten Reich” und im Kalten Krieg (Wiesbaden, 2005), 82.