MAURÍCIO SARAIVA PACHECO E SILVA THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN Projeto de Formatura apresentado à Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, no âmbito do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental São Paulo 2018 MAURÍCIO SARAIVA PACHECO E SILVA THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN Projeto de Formatura apresentado à Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, no âmbito do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental Orientadora: Prof. Dr. Cristtina Dormack São Paulo 2018 Catalogação-­‐na-­‐publicação   Silva, Maurício THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC PORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE: STUDY CASE DRESDEN / M. Silva -- São Paulo, 2017. 94 p. Trabalho de Formatura - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia de Hidráulica e Ambiental. 1.Waste management 2.Anaerobic digestion 3.Biogas 4.Renewable energy 5.Organic waste I.Universidade de São Paulo. Escola Politécnica. Departamento de Engenharia de Hidráulica e Ambiental II.t. ABSTRACT This work focuses on biogas production by using source-separated organic waste from households as feedstock. The energy use of the produced gas should contribute to the transformation of Dresden into a more sustainable city. Dresden still has an energy matrix that is highly dependent on fossil fuels and musst seek cleaner energy production in order to meet the national targets for renewable energy production defined in recent years. The current work covers, among other things, a bit of the actual treatment, that has been given in Dresden for its domestic waste, the legal background concerning waste management and energy production in Germany, the state-of-the-art of anaerobic digestion in Europe and in Germany, a description of the biological process that occur during the anaerobic digestion of the residue and still, financial aspects of the technology. DEDICATION Dedico este trabalho à minha irmã Laís, meu maior exemplo de luta e de superação! Te amo muito! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Agradeço a meu pai e à minha mãe, por toda sua dedicação e por todo seu sacrifício. Vocês são pessoas incríveis! Ich bedanke mich bei denen, Freunden aus Deutschland, die mich während meines Aufenthalts an diesem wundervollen Land irgendwie unterstützt haben! Die letzten Monate waren für mich nicht einfach und ohne deren Unterstützung wäre diese Arbeit nicht möglich. Besonders will ich mich bei der “Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der TU Dresden e. V.” bedanken für die finanzielle Unterstüzung und für das Vertrauen in meine Arbeit. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1   INTRODUCTION  .........................................................................................................................  1   1.1   Purpose  ..............................................................................................................................................  1   1.2   Background  ......................................................................................................................................  1   2   OBJECTIVES  ................................................................................................................................  3   3   METHODS  ....................................................................................................................................  4   4   OVERVIEW  OF  THE  WASTE  MANAGEMENT  IN  DRESDEN  ............................................  5   4.1   Demographic  and  geographical  data  of  Dresden  ................................................................  5   4.2   Waste  management  summary  ...................................................................................................  7   4.3   The  waste  from  households  and  its  many  ways  ..................................................................  8   4.3.1   Door-­‐to-­‐door  colletion  ............................................................................................................................  8   4.3.2   In  the  residential  areas  ........................................................................................................................  10   4.3.3   Bulky  waste  and  domestic  appliances  ..........................................................................................  12   4.4   Qualitative  and  quantitative  analysis  of  MSW  ....................................................................  13   4.4.1   “Rest”  of  household  waste  ..................................................................................................................  15   4.4.2   The  organic  portion  of  MSW  characteristics  and  its  composition  ....................................  17   4.4.3   Recyclable  materials  .............................................................................................................................  19   4.5   Existing  biogas  plants  in  Dresden  ...........................................................................................  21   5   BIOLOGICAL  TREATMENT  IN  EUROPE  –  ANAEROBIC  DIGESTION  .........................  23   5.1   Introduction  ...................................................................................................................................  23   5.2   State  of  the  art  in  Europe  ...........................................................................................................  23   5.3   Biogas  plants  in  Germany  ..........................................................................................................  26   6   THE  POTENTIALS  OF  RENEWABLE  ENERGY  .................................................................  29   6.1   Energiewende  –  Promotion  of  renewable  energy  in  Germany  .....................................  32   6.2   The   role   of   public   power   in   the   German   energy   transition   and   some   legal   measures  ....................................................................................................................................................  32   6.2.1   Renewable  Energy  Sources  Act  (Erneuerbare  Energien  Gesetz  –  EEG)  .........................  33   6.2.2   Biomass  Ordinance  ................................................................................................................................  36   6.2.3   Closure  of  nuclear  power  stations  ..................................................................................................  38   6.2.4   Taxation  on  conventional  energy  ....................................................................................................  39     i 7   LEGAL   BACKGROUND   CONCERNING   WASTE   MANAGEMENT   AND   ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  .............................................................................................  41   7.1   The  development  of  waste  policy  in  Germany  ...................................................................  41   7.2   Principles  and  measure  of  environmental  policy  .............................................................  43   7.2.1   European  Union  law  .............................................................................................................................  43   7.2.2   German  Federal  Legislation  ..............................................................................................................  44   8   ANAEROBIC  DIGESTION  –  THE  TECHNOLOGY  AND  ITS  TECHNICAL  ASPECTS  ..  47   8.1   Introduction  ...................................................................................................................................  47   8.2   Biochemical  reaction  ..................................................................................................................  48   8.3   Phases  of  degradation  ................................................................................................................  49   8.3.1   Hydolysis  ...................................................................................................................................................  50   8.3.2   Acidogenesis  .............................................................................................................................................  51   8.3.3   Acetogenesis  .............................................................................................................................................  51   8.3.4   Methanogenesis  ......................................................................................................................................  53   8.4   Substrate  requirements  .............................................................................................................  54   8.5   Pre-­‐treatment  ................................................................................................................................  54   8.6   Process  parameters  .....................................................................................................................  55   8.7   Variations  of  biogas  techniques  ..............................................................................................  57   8.7.1   Dry  and  wet  fermentation  ..................................................................................................................  58   8.7.2   Single  and  multi-­‐stage  systems  ........................................................................................................  59   8.7.3   Mesophilic  and  thermophilic  processes  .......................................................................................  59   9   COMPOST  ..................................................................................................................................  61   9.1   Use  of  the  compost  produced  in  the  digestion  process  ...................................................  61   9.2   Processing  of  the  compost  .........................................................................................................  63   9.3   Marketing  opportunities  and  application  of  compost  .....................................................  63   9.4   Conditioning  of  solid  residues  and  its  use  as  soil  amendment  .....................................  64   10   PROPOSAL  OF  CHANGES  IN  THE  WASTE  MANAGEMENT  IN  DRESDEN  ..............  67   10.1   Anaerobic  digestion  of  the  organic  waste  .........................................................................  68   10.2   Improvement  of  waste  source  separation  ........................................................................  70   10.2.1   Public  participation  and  information  dissemination  ...........................................................  70   10.3   Anaerobic  digestion  –  choice  of  the  most  appropriate  technology  ..........................  72     ii 11   ENERGY  YIELD  AND  PAY  BACK  OF  THE  INVESTMENT  ............................................  74   11.1   Energy  generation  .....................................................................................................................  78   11.1.1   Estimation  of  energy  generation  ..................................................................................................  79   11.1.2   Share  of  renewable  energy  in  Dresden  and  the  joining  in  from  anaerobic  digestion   of  the  organic  waste  .............................................................................................................................................  81   11.2   Financial  analysis  of  the  plant  ...............................................................................................  83   11.2.1   Costs  ..........................................................................................................................................................  83   11.2.2   Revenues  .................................................................................................................................................  85   12   CONCLUSION  .........................................................................................................................  89   REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................87     iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure  1:  Map  of  Germany.  ..............................................................................................................................  5   Figure  2:  Map  of  Dresden  and  its  districts.  ..............................................................................................  6   Figure  3:  Waste  ways  –  from  households  till  specific  facilities.  ......................................................  8   Figure  4:  Recycling  center  in  Kaditz  (Dresden).  ....................................................................................  9   Figure  5:  Waste  ways  –  from  residential  areas  till  specific  facilities.  ........................................  11   Figure  6:  Containers  in  residential  area  in  Dresden.  ........................................................................  12   Figure  7:  Waste  ways  –  bulky  waste  and  domestic  appliances.  ..................................................  13   Figure  8:  Composition  of  the  household  waste  in  2016.  ................................................................  15   Figure  9:  Composition  of  the  “Restmüll”  (“Rest  waste”)  from  household  in  2016.  ............  17   Figure  10:  “Bio-­‐Abfall”  (Organic  waste)  bin  in  Dresden.  ................................................................  18   Figure  11:  Composition  of  valuable  material.  .....................................................................................  20   Figure  12:  Biogas  plants  in  Dresden.  .......................................................................................................  21   Figure  13:  Biogas  plant  in  Klotzsche,  Dresden.  ...................................................................................  22   Figure  14:  Total  and  average  installed  capacity  per  country.  ......................................................  24   Figure  15:  Installed  capacity  per  million  inhabitants  and  per  country.  ...................................  25   Figure  16:  Development  of  the  capacity  per  million  inhabitants  per  country.  .....................  26   Figure  17:  Development  of  biogas  installations  and  its  electrical  capacity  in  Germany.  .  27   Figure  18:  Avoided  GHG  emissions  through  the  use  of  renewable  sources  of  energy.  .....  30   Figure  19:  Gross  electricity  generation  in  Germany  in  2016.  .......................................................  34   Figure  20:  Development  of  electricity  supply  from  biomass  plants  in  Germany  from  1990   to  2011.  .................................................................................................................................................................  37   Figure  21:  Development  of  biomass  use  for  heat  production  in  Germany  in  the  years   1997  to  2011.  .....................................................................................................................................................  37   Figure  22:  “The  Smiling  Sun”.  .....................................................................................................................  39   Figure  23:  Waste  hierarchy.  ........................................................................................................................  42   Figure  24:  General  layout  of  an  AD.  .........................................................................................................  48   Figure  25:  Anaerobic  decomposition.  .....................................................................................................  50     iv