James N. Furze Kelly Swing Anil K. Gupta Richard H. McClatchey Darren M. Reynolds Editors Mathematical Advances Towards Sustainable Environmental Systems Mathematical Advances Towards Sustainable Environmental Systems James N. Furze (cid:129) Kelly Swing (cid:129) Anil K. Gupta Richard H. McClatchey (cid:129) Darren M. Reynolds Editors Mathematical Advances Towards Sustainable Environmental Systems Editors JamesN.Furze KellySwing FacultyofEnvironmentandTechnology FoundingDirector,Tiputini UniversityoftheWestofEngland BiodiversityStation Bristol,UK CollegeofBiologicalandEnvironmental Sciences AnilK.Gupta UniversityofSanFranciscodeQuito IndianInstituteofManagement Quito,Ecuador Coordinator,SocietyforResearchand InitiativesforSustainableTechnologies RichardH.McClatchey andInstitutions CentreforComplexCooperativeSystems Ahmedabad,Gujarat UniversityoftheWestofEngland India Bristol,UK DarrenM.Reynolds CentreforResearchinBiosciences UniversityoftheWestofEngland Bristol,UK ISBN978-3-319-43900-6 ISBN978-3-319-43901-3 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-43901-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016955374 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland This volume is dedicated... To all who have contributed in the past, to thosewhoseeandareyettoseethebeautywe rely on and can collectively renew— environmental systems hold bounty and sustenance for us all (James N. Furze) Toallwhodependuponbiodiversity,whether they know it or not—with hopes of acting before it’s too late (Kelly Swing) To all those creative, compassionate, and collaborative communities whose coping strategies with climatic risk require models that deal with their vulnerability, and yet don’tunderestimatetheirresourcefulnessina given socio-ecological and institutional context (Anil K. Gupta) To a future that binds us all (Darren M. Reynolds) To all who are concerned by, and driven to help guarantee, the sustainability of our wonderful worldwide ecosystem (Richard H. McClatchey) Foreword: The Vocabulary of Nature Natureexpressesherselfthroughabroadarrayofoptions.Herimmensevocabulary includesthemajestyofruggedsnow-cappedmountainranges,theterrifyingpower oftornados,theprofoundserenityofagoldensunsetalongtheocean’sshore,orthe countless species, animal and vegetable, great and small, assigned to every bit of land and sea imaginable. It is precisely this vocabulary that we wish to catalog, categorize,understand,exploit,andmanageonalong-termbasis.Hertremendous richnessispreciselywhatpresentsthechallenge,theopportunity,andthedutywe haveasthethinkingagentsofEarth. Asawriterhitcheswordstogether,oneafteranother,tomasterfullyconstructa story,sonatureweavesspecies,alongwiththeirterrestrialandaquaticarenasintoa tapestry of infinite functionality. When an author searches for just the right word, thereexistsonlyonerealoptionduetoitsparticularmeaning,itssound,itshistory, and its connotations. Nature has likewise produced combinations of species meshing poetically together to compose the wondrous and seamless ecosystems thatmakeourplanetliveandbreathe. And now, humankind is beset upon the task of eradicating the vocabulary of Nature herself by extinguishing species upon species and even entire panoramas from arctic extremes to the expanses of the sea, from the cloud forests of the cordilleras and the wettest of lowland rainforests to the driest of deserts, selfish, oblivious, and merciless in our advance. All for some “greater good,” we push aheadneverunderstandingthatNature’spoetrycanneverbesurpassed,andcannot besustainedwithoutallherwords,alltherightwords,alltheintegralelementsof thefabricoflife.Withoutallthefibersintheirproperplaces,thetapestrybecomes threadbare and begins to fall into tatters, becoming irreparable even for the most capableweaver,thelastremnantsservingessentiallynofunctionwhatsoever. Imagine the cruel punishment for the sculptor, the removal of an implement from his studio every day until left with no capacity to go on uncovering the spectacle within the material before him. Imagine eliminating pigmented oils from the painter’s palette along with brushes and trowels to apply them. What could the carpenter accomplish if each day we took another tool from his vii viii Foreword:TheVocabularyofNature workbench—hammerandsaw,drill,chisel,andplane?Andastothenovelist,the removal of a word from her treasure chest of emotive terms each day might eventually still her pen altogether. Such losses would not only affect the creators, but all those who might have appreciated their wonderful ideas as they are left intangible. Fortunately, true creativity, nevertheless, will ultimately triumph over such an onslaught. In spite of all the challenges, the driven artist or artisan will deviseawaytoovercomeadversity;historyconfirmsthatevolutioncanalsobegin anewafteracataclysm,albeitwithverydifferentresults. Every culture has invented distinct words to represent each kind of place and resource,everysortofplantandanimal. Whenwedon’thaveawordofourown, usually because the phenomenon or species doesn’t exist in places where people speakourlanguage,weborrowthenamesfromothertongues,becausethestandard humanperspectiveisthateverysinglethingsimplymusthaveauniquename.Part ofbasichumannatureistheutilitariandesiretobothquantifyandqualifythethings aroundus.Acrosstheglobe,ineveryethnicity,wewantaword,orcombinationof words, to match each and every thing we see, including every species. As an illustration, a basic repertoire of common names makes up an important portion ofthefirstwordslearnedbyallchildreneverywhere.Andtoavoidbeingconfused by multiple common names of various origins, science has stepped in to apply a standard, universal name to every recognizable sort of organism, in the form of a genuscombinedwithaqualifyingspecificepithet. Asspeciesaredriventoextinction,theirwordcounterpartswillbeleftorphans without any sense to their existence, or with only a perverse meaning parallel to current usage of “dodo,” a species deemed too stupid to be allowed to share the planetwithusanylongerbyafewmyopicindividualsblindedbyhunger.Wemust riseaboveouroverwhelmingcapacitytojustifyalmostanylossortrade-offgiven momentarydesperationsituations.Ifwearetosurvive,thereisnochoicebuttoput ourbrainstoearnestlyresolvingunsustainablescenarios. HowmanyorganismsliveinplaceswhereEnglishisn’tspoken?Allthosehave namesinotherlanguagesthatweborrowtobeabletotalkorwriteaboutthem.The enrichment of languages through incorporation from other languages is immense and enlightening. Just think of the marvelous examples like gorilla, narwhal and boomslang, chimpanzee, aye-aye and orang, panda, puma and piranha, take matamata, koala and kangaroo, condor, anaconda and caribou, wombat, wobbegong andwahoo.And there aresomanymorethatleaveuswith nochoice but to make use of their scientific names as common names. Boa constrictor and Tyrannosaurusrexaretwoofthefewutteredeverydayintheircompleteforms.But it’smuchmoretypical touse the genus namealone;hardlyanyone notices where theycamefrom.Howaboutallthoseornamentalplantsandflowers?Geraniumand chrysanthemum, ficus and philodendron, dieffenbachia and rhododendron just to nameafew.Andamongtheanimals,wemustconsiderrhinocerosandoctopus,and alsohippopotamus; contemplatealligatorandpython,iguanaaswellasmastodon neveroverlookingarchaeopteryxandstegosaurus,triceratops,andbrontosaurus! The richness of language depends upon the richness of our surroundings— always has, always will. How many words exist in the English language? Foreword:TheVocabularyofNature ix Whatproportionofthemdoweuseonaregularbasis?Orever?Dowehavetouse them frequently for them to have value? How many do we utilize in a lifetime? Does their disuse imply they’re useless? If we don’t use them, does that mean they’redispensable?Iftheyhavelimitedusage,say,byonepeculiarerudite,does that indicate some potential for isolation or even discrimination or exclusion? In such a case, would we expect social pressure to avoid them? If such words disappear,wouldanyonenoticeorcare? How many languages exist? And how many species exist? How many species are useful? How many species are directly useful on a daily basis? What do we mean by “useful”? Who decides? Words come and go as far as popular usage is concerned,buttheydon’tsimplydisappear.Theycontinue toexistindictionaries and in past publications and recordings no matter their most recent occurrences. And they can instantly be retrieved at any moment. But that cannot happen for species if every individual has been pushed off its proper habitat or immersed in sealed jars of embalming fluid on the dusty shelves of a museum. Words don’t multiplywhenweignorethem,butpopulationsoforganisms,iftheyhavesufficient numbers, can recover from neglect, abuse, or overuse and increase on their own, giventhechance. Can we only understand our planet and its biota, and consequently manage its resources, by cataloging all its actors and amassing information about their func- tioning?Howmuchinformationisnecessaryforustobeabletoeffectivelyapply modellingstrategiessothatarationalbalancebetweenourwantsandneedsandthe requirementsforaplanetinequilibriummaybestruck? “Noteverythingthatcanbecountedcounts,andnoteverythingthatcountscan becounted.”OftenattributedtoAlbertEinsteinbutactuallythewordsofWilliam BruceCameron. Themorespeciesandhabitatswelose,themoreIamleftwithoutwords. TiputiniBiodiversityStation,Yasun´ı, KellySwing UNESCOBiosphereReserve Quito,Ecuador 6April2016 Preface: From the Coordinating Editor Thisvolumefocusesondiversesystemsandsustainability.Includedarecomponent subjectsofrelevancewithcoverageoffrontierresearchfromsubjectspecialistsin 13 different areas. Following a coauthored introduction to establish balance and context, indication of the current state of research in each of the chapters will be marked. The volume unites multiple subject areas within sustainability, enabling thetechniquesappliedineachchaptertobeappliedtootherchapterareasinfuture research,givingasynergisticfunctionforknowledgeadvancement,interdisciplin- arycooperation,policyformation/governance,andsubsequentareas. Thebookisnotofparticularpoliticalfocus;itisthescientificbasisonwhichwe canprotectandenhanceenvironmentalsustainabilitywithin EarthSystems,faced withchangesandpressuresimposedbyourexpansiveneeds. Thetargetaudienceincludesthe“layman,”graduate,postgraduate,doctoral,and postdoctoralresearchers.Benefitsarefornationalorganizationalstructures,policy formation teams, and regional management bodies as well as the general public. Thisisamaturelywrittenvolumeforthesameaudience. (cid:129) Each chapter describes frontier research which may be applied in different locationsandgroupsaswellasthosethattheauthorsquote. (cid:129) Togetherthechaptersexplainhowwemayproceedandprogressinthesubject disciplineswiththeuseofsystematicapproaches. (cid:129) Each chapter provides a unique perspective of leading international authors, giving advancement and enrichment of knowledge and understanding of sus- tainability within diverse systems, while managing subject knowledge, devel- opment,andapplicationforthebenefitofmultiple,expansivepopulations. Thisbookis anedited volume; themain purposeofthecoordinatingandother editors’workhasbeentolocateandbringtogetherthesubjectspecialists,manyof whomareeditorsandjournalfoundersintheirowndisciplines. xi xii Preface:FromtheCoordinatingEditor Uniquesellingpointsofthevolumeareasfollows: (cid:129) Thevolumegivespertinentmentionofkeyareaswhichshouldbeemployedfor generationofsubjectsynergies,previouslyunpublished. (cid:129) Therangeofsubjectsconsideredhasnotbeenincludedinonecompletevolume before. (cid:129) Cooperationbetweenhigh-standingauthorsacrosstherangeofsubjectscovered has value for policy makers and the general public, enhancing our progress withindevelopmentalpressures. The book has a strong multidisciplinary nature at its core. This holds a wide range of interest to both generalist readers and to future subject specialists in information, mathematics, biology, physics, and chemistry as well as readers of the arts, history and political sciences. Upon reading the chapters together, the expressionsofhopeofferedbyeachshouldallowgreatexpansioninbothseparate chapters and the whole subject of sustainability/complex thinking. As knowledge expandsinmoredescriptivechaptersandcontractsinmorescientificchapters,great synergy may result; in mathematical thinking, the residual error between the approachesofeachchapteroffersa“functionalresonance”whichenablessynergy beyondthevolume.Thisstatementbecomesphilosophicalintermsofthinkingand concrete knowledge advancement which we all keep in mind through modelling and societies; to create the abstract, one must have encountered the concrete and becomeabletoignorepartsofitonpurpose,andreachingratherthanlessoningthe very presentation of the concrete. What and if we should ignore of course is determined by our own individual, collective visions and perspectives of sustainability. In addition to the 27 leading authors across 10 countries (including the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, India, China, Canada, and Ecuador), the editorial team was built of 5 leading members firmly uniting Eastern and Western ideologies in the name of knowledge advancement and sustainability for bothnaturalandsocioeconomicsystems.Weextendourgratitudetothepublishers and authors who allowed the use of some figures/material in the volume, many reviewers(inadditionalcountriesincludingsomeinuniversitiesinJapan,Switzer- land, Spain, Germany, Morocco, and Greece), and organizational units (including membersoftheFoodandAgriculturalOrganization;UnitedNationsDevelopment ProgramandUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)whogavesupportandassisted in the preparation of the volume. Finally, I appreciate all the authors and editors whosacrificedtheirtimeandefforttowritethebook. Thecoordinationofasustainabilityeffortrepresentsalifelongjourneyforallof us. It is hoped that this volume will represent a marker in the journey of the advancementofmathematicsandindividualresearchareaswhichwillbefollowed