Math Pharmacy for Technicians 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd ii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3355 PPMM 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd iiii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3366 PPMM Math Pharmacy for Technicians Lorraine C. Zentz, CPhT, PhD Pharmacy Technician Program ed2go/GES 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd iiiiii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3377 PPMM World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers Jones and Bartlett Publishers Jones and Bartlett Publishers 40 Tall Pine Drive Canada International Sudbury, MA 01776 6339 Ormindale Way Barb House, Barb Mews 978-443-5000 Mississauga, Ontario L5V 1J2 London W6 7PA [email protected] Canada United Kingdom www.jbpub.com Jones and Bartlett’s books and products are available through most bookstores and online booksellers. To contact Jones and Bartlett Publishers directly, call 800-832-0034, fax 978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jbpub.com. 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Treatments and side effects described in this book may not be applicable to all people; likewise, some people may require a dose or experience a side effect that is not described herein. Drugs and medical devices are discussed that may have limited availability controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use only in a research study or clinical trial. Research, clinical practice, and government regulations often change the accepted standard in this fi eld. When consideration is being given to use of any drug in the clinical setting, the health care provider or reader is responsible for determining FDA status of the drug, reading the package insert, and reviewing prescribing information for the most up-to-date recommendations on dose, precautions, and contraindications, and determining the appropriate usage for the product. This is especially important in the case of drugs that are new or seldom used. Production Credits Publisher: David Cella Associate Editor: Maro Gartside Editorial Assistant: Teresa Reilly Production Manager: Julie Champagne Bolduc Production Assistant: Jessica Steele Newfell Marketing Manager: Grace Richards Manufacturing and Inventory Control Supervisor: Amy Bacus Composition: International Typesetting and Composition Cover Design: Scott Moden Cover and Title Page Image: © Norebbo/Dreamstime.com Printing and Binding: Malloy, Inc. Cover Printing: John Pow Company Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zentz, Lorraine C. Math for pharmacy technicians / Lorraine C. Zentz. p. ; cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-7637-5961-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Pharmaceutical arithmetic. 2. Pharmacy technicians. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Drug Dosage Calculations. 2. Mathematics. 3. Pharmaceutical Preparations— administration & dosage. QV 748 Z56m 2010] RS57.Z46 2010 615'.1401513—dc22 2009025969 6048 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd iivv 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3377 PPMM Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ix Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Math 1 Objectives 1 Arabic Numerals 1 Roman Numerals 2 Practice Problems 1.1 2 Metric System 3 Practice Problems 1.2 5 Practice Problems 1.3 6 Metric Conversions 6 Practice Problems 1.4 7 Apothecary System 7 Practice Problems 1.5 8 Chapter 1 Quiz 9 Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals 11 Objectives 11 Fractions 11 Addition and Subtraction 12 Practice Problems 2.1 14 Multiplication and Division 14 Practice Problems 2.2 15 Decimals 16 Addition and Subtraction 16 Multiplication 16 Division 17 Rounding 17 Practice Problems 2.3 18 Signifi cant Figures 18 Practice Problems 2.4 19 Chapter 2 Quiz 19 v 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd vv 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3377 PPMM vi Contents ■ Chapter 3 Ratio, Proportions, and Percents 21 Objectives 21 Ratios 21 Practice Problems 3.1 23 Proportions 23 Practice Problems 3.2 26 Percents 27 Conversions 28 Ratio to Percent 28 Decimal to Percent 28 Practice Problems 3.3 29 Chapter 3 Quiz 30 Chapter 4 Liquid Measures 33 Objectives 33 Introduction 33 Density 33 Specifi c Gravity 34 Chapter 4 Quiz 35 Chapter 5 Concentrations 37 Objectives 37 Weight/Weight 37 Volume/Volume 38 Weight/Volume 39 Practice Problems 5.1 40 Ratio Strength 40 Practice Problems 5.2 42 Chapter 5 Quiz 42 Chapter 6 Dilutions 45 Objectives 45 Stock Solutions/Solids 45 Liquid Dilutions 46 Solid Dilutions 47 Practice Problems 6.1 48 Alligations 48 Practice Problems 6.2 51 Chapter 6 Quiz 52 Chapter 7 Dosing 55 Objectives 55 Geriatrics 55 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd vvii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3388 PPMM Contents vii Pediatrics 56 Practice Problems 7.1 57 Chemotherapy 58 Practice Problems 7.2 59 Chapter 7 Quiz 59 Chapter 8 IV Admixture Calculations 61 Objectives 61 Intravenous Medications 61 Milliequivalents 61 Units 62 Practice Problems 8.1 63 TPN Solutions 63 IV Flow Rates 65 Drop Sets 66 Practice Problems 8.2 67 Chapter 8 Quiz 67 Chapter 9 Business Math 69 Objectives 69 Inventory 69 Profi t 70 Practice Problems 9.1 70 Selling Price 70 Practice Problems 9.2 72 Insurance Reimbursement 72 Practice Problems 9.3 73 Chapter 9 Quiz 73 Appendix A Answer Keys 75 Appendix B Common Measures and Conversions 135 Index 137 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd vviiii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3399 PPMM 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd vviiiiii 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3399 PPMM Introduction An essential tool for all pharmacy technicians is a full grasp of the necessary math Remember: skills needed on a daily basis in the pharmacy setting. Simply understanding the Do not rely on math is not enough: technicians must have the confi dence to arrive at an accurate mental math answer. While drugs can be of great help to patients, they also are powerful and skills—always potentially deadly chemicals that must be treated with the utmost respect; proper write equations dosing is critical. Misplaced decimals, extra zeros, or “close enough” measuring and conversions are unacceptable. down! Time Utilizing a straightforward layout, Math for Pharmacy Technicians focuses on should not be the crucial terminology (terms and abbreviations) pertaining to calculating medi- an issue when cation dosages. This text provides more than just the fi nal answer: easy-to-follow accuracy is vital. explanations show how to complete math equations and conversions and boxed text (featuring tips, key points, and reminders) help students comprehend the material in a manner that will be benefi cial when solving future problems both in this book and on the job. The basic math skills a pharmacy technician is required to understand include Remember: fractions, decimals, and percentages. In Math for Pharmacy Technicians, different A calculator methods are demonstrated so that technicians will feel confi dent in the skills they can be a help- are learning. There may be several ways to reach a solution, but technicians must ful tool, but understand the quickest and most accurate way to reach a solution. Practice, such it is crucial to as focusing on the Practice Problems and Chapter Quizzes available in this text, understand how will help to determine the method appropriate for each situation. After completing to calculate the the examples and checking the answers against the Answer Key (see Appendix A), old-fashioned technicians will be ready to tackle math in the pharmacy setting. way—with pen- cil and paper. A calculator may help to double-check a solution, which can be benefi cial in multiple-step calculations. ix 5599661122__FFMMxxxx__FFIINNAALL..iinndddd iixx 88//2200//0099 99::4422::3399 PPMM